Generators info

In the British Royal Navy, a Second-rate was a ship of the line mounting 90 to 98 guns on three gun decks. They were essentially smaller and hence cheaper versions of the three-decker First rates. Like the First rates, they fought in the centre of the line of battle, and unlike the First rates, which were considered too valuable to risk in distant stations, the Second rates often served overseas as flagships. They had a reputation for poor handling and slow sailing.

Typically displacing around 2000 tons and carrying a crew of 750, the Second rates carried 32-pounder guns on the gundeck, with 18 pdrs instead of 24 pdrs on the middle deck, and 12 pdrs on the upper deck (rather than 18 or 24 prds on First rates). Both First and Second rates carried lighter guns or carronades on their forecastles and quarterdecks.

The three-decker Second-rate was mainly a British type, and was not built by other European navies to any great degree. Apart from its unhandiness, in terms of sheer firepower it was matched or even over matched by the 80 and 74-gun two-decker Third-rates used by the French and Spanish navies instead. The additional deck did, however, give the second-rate an advantage in close combat, and it had the further tactical advantage of sometimes being mistaken by the enemy for a first-rate which could possibly make enemy commanders reluctant to press an attack.

The term second-rate has since passed into general usage as an adjective used to mean of suboptimal quality, or an unacceptable replacement for something that is first-rate.

In macroeconomics, the classical dichotomy refers to the idea that real and nominal variables can be analyzed separately. To be precise, an economy exhibits the classical dichotomy if real variables such as output, unemployment, and real interest rates can be completely analyzed without considering what is happening to nominal variables. In particular, this means that GDP and other real variables can be determined without knowing the level of the nominal money supply or the rate of inflation. Therefore, in an economy that exhibits the classical dichotomy, the money supply only affects nominal variables like the price level. An economy exhibits the classical dichotomy if money is superneutral; it is also likely to be quantitatively close to the classical dichotomy if money is neutral.

The classical dichotomy was central to the thinking of early economists (money as a veil). It is a feature of many classical and new classical theories of macroeconomics. Keynesians and monetarists reject the classical dichotomy, because they argue that prices are sticky. That is, they think prices fail to adjust in the short run, so that an increase in the money supply raises aggregate demand and thus alters real macroeconomic variables.

Controversy

Don Patinkin (1954) challenged the classical dichotomy as being inconsistent, with the introduction of the ‘Real balance effect’ of changes in the nominal money supply. The early classical writers postulated that money is inherently equivalent in value to that quantity of real goods which it can purchase. Therefore, in Walrasian terms, a monetary expansion would raise prices by an equivalent amount, with no real effects (employment, growth). Patinkin postulated that this inflation could not come about without a corresponding disturbance in the goods market, through the ‘real balance effect’. As the money supply is increased, the real stock of money balances exceeds the ‘ideal’ level, and thus expenditure on goods is increased to re-establish the optimum balance. This raises the price level in the goods market, until the excess demand is satisfied, at the new equilibrium. He thus argued that the classical dichotomy was inconsistent, in that it did not explicitly allow for this adjustment in the goods market. Later writers (Archibald & Lipsey, 1958) argued that the dichotomy was perfectly consistent, as it did not attempt to deal with the ‘dynamic’ adjustment process, it merely stated the ’static’ initial and final equilibria.

Mathematical representation

If an economy exhibits the classical dichotomy, then comparative statics analysis can be performed using a jacobian matrix in block triangular form. That is, suppose we write

<math> \mathbf{J}dy = dx</math>

where <math>dx</math> represents some exogenous shocks (changes in productivity, aggregate demand, money supply, etc., ordered so that all real shocks come first), and <math>dy</math> represents the change in the endogenous variables (output, employment, prices, etc., again listing real variables first). Then the matrix J can be partitioned into submatrices as follows:

<math> \mathbf{J}=

\begin{bmatrix}
A & 0 \\
B & C \\
\end{bmatrix}
</math>
In other words, when the classical dichotomy holds, it is possible to calculate how all the real variables change by inverting the submatrix <math>A</math> only, thus excluding all nominal variables like money supply and prices from the analysis.

Therapeutic drug monitoring is a branch of clinical chemistry that specialises in the measurement of medication levels in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed.

In pharmacology, many medications are used without monitoring of blood levels, as their dosage can generally be varied according to the clinical response that a patient gets to that substance. In a small group of drugs, this is impossible, as insufficient levels will lead to undertreatment or resistance, and excessive levels can lead to toxicity and tissue damage.

Examples of drugs analysed by therapeutic drug monitoring:

• Aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin)
• Antiepileptics (such as phenytoin and valproic acid)
• Mood stabilisers, especially lithium citrate
• Antipsychotics (such as pimozide and clozapine)

Therapeutic drug monitoring can also detect poisoning with above drugs, should the suspicion arise.

On Stage can refer to:

• On Stage, a 1970 live album by Elvis Presley.
• On Stage, a 1974 live albums by Loggins and Messina
• On Stage, a 1977 live album by Rainbow.
• On Stage, a comic strip later retitled Mary Perkins, On Stage

Mental Calculation World Cup is an international competition of mental calculators.

Mental Calculation World Cup 2004

The First Mental Calculation World Cup was held in Annaberg-Buchholz, Germany on 30 October, 2004. There were 17 participants from 10 countries.

The World Cup involved the following contests (and two surprise tasks):

• Adding ten 10-digit numbers, ten tasks in 10 minutes
  • Winner: Alberto Coto (Spain) ; 10 correct results; 5:50 minutes, world record
• Multiplying two 8-digit numbers, 10 tasks in 15 minutes
  • Winner:Alberto Coto (Spain), 8 correct results
• Calendar Calculations, two series one minute each, dates from the years 1600-2100
  • Winner: Matthias Kesselschläger (Germany), 33 correct results, world record
• Square Root from 6-digit numbers, 10 tasks in 15 minutes
  • Winner: Jan van Koningsveld (Netherlands)

In the overall ranking the first place is taken by Robert Fountain (Great Britain), the runner-up was Jan van Koningsveld (Netherlands).

Mental Calculation World Cup 2006

The second Mental Calculation World Cup was held on 4 November 2006 in Gießen, Germany.
26 Calculators from 11 countries took part.
The World Cup involved the following contests (and two surprise tasks):

• Adding ten 10-digit numbers, ten tasks in 10 minutes
  • Winner: Jorge Arturo Mendoza Huertas (Peru) ; 10 correct results
• Multiplying two 8-digit numbers, 10 tasks in 15 minutes
  • Winner:Alberto Coto (Spain)
• Calendar Calculations, two series one minute each, dates from the years 1600-2100
  • Winner: Matthias Kesselschläger (Germany)
• Square Root from 6-digit numbers, 10 tasks in 15 minutes
  • Winner: Robert Fountain (Great Britain)

Robert Fountain (Great Britain) defended his title in the overall competition, the places 2 to 4 have been won by Jan van Koningsveld (Netherlands), Gert Mittring (Germany) and Yusnier Viera Romero (Cuba).

External link

• MCWC home page

The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) is a database of botanical names. It indexes names of seed plants, ferns and “fern allies”. Coverage is best at the rank of species and genus (see e.g. IK). It includes basic bibliographical details, associated with the names, and its goals include eliminating the need for repeated reference to primary sources for basic bibliographic information about plant names.

IPNI is the product of a collaboration between The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, The Harvard University Herbaria, and the Australian National Herbarium. The IPNI database is a collection of the names registered by the three cooperating institutions and they work towards standardizing the information. The standard of author abbreviations recommended by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is Brummitt and Powell’s Authors of Plant Names, a digital (and updated) version of which can be consulted online at IPNI.

IPNI is available at ipni.org, free of charge, with two mirror sites. Note that IPNI provides names “as published”: it is not a list of correct names.

A somewhat comparable project is the Index Fungorum, which lists names of fungi.

Superficial X-rays are low energy X-rays that do not penetrate very far before they are absorbed. They are produced by linear accelerators operating at voltages in the 50–200 kV range, and therefore have an energy in the 50–200 keV range (see External beam radiotherapy for an explanation of the maximum and mean energies as a function of voltage). They are useful in radiation therapy for the treatment of various benign or malignant skin problems, and have a useful depth of a couple of millimetres — certainly not more than 5 mm.

By convention, the voltage is used to characterize X- and gamma-ray beams (in volts), whilst electron beams are characterized by their energies (in electronvolts).

Ridgeway Clocks is a division of Howard Miller Company, and is a producer of longcase clocks, mantle clocks, and wall clocks. The company’s facilities are located in Ridgeway, Virginia.

The company is the manufacturer of the oldest continuously produced line of grandfather clocks in the United States. The company was founded in 1926 as the “Gravely Furniture Company.” It was not until 1962 that the company began manufacturing grandfather clocks.

Zeeland, Michigan based Howard Miller Clock Company, the world’s largest manufacturer of grandfather clocks, acquired Ridgeway in November 2004 from Pulaski Furniture Corporation. Pulaski had previously acquired the Gravely Furniture Company in 1985.

External links

• Official website of Ridgeway Clock Company

The atoms and ions, which are bonded with each other with considerable interatomic forces, are not motionless. Due to the consistent vibrating movements, they are permanently deviating from their equilibrium position. Elastic waves of different lengths, frequencies, and amplitudes run through crystalline solids at all times. The typical order of the atomic vibrations frequencies is 10¹³ Hz, and that of the amplitudes is 10^-11 m.

The process of the atomic vibrations is important for materials of different classes: for metallic, covalent, ionic crystals, semiconductors, intermetallic compounds, interstitial phases. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of the vibrating spectrum of an alloy can be varied, for example by alloying, to produce a well-directed effect on the properties of the materials.

The phenomena of atomic vibrations reflecting the interaction of micro-particles with each other depend on the deep properties of the medium. The vibrational amplitude and the vibrational
spectrum are determined by interatomic bonds.

The basic tool for the measurement of the mean-square amplitude of vibrations is the X-ray diffraction. The heat vibrational motion of atoms, affecting the atom displacements, results in a weakining of diffracted lines (reflections). By measuring the intensity of the same reflections at two temperatures (for example, at a room and a high temperature) one can calculate mean-square amplitudes of the atom vibrations.

Correct data about the frequency spectrum is provided with the help of the technique of the neutron scattering by solids.

References

In medicine, pulsus bisferiens, also bisferious pulse or biphasic pulse, is a sign where, on palpation of the pulse, a double peak per cardiac cycle can be appreciated. Bisferious means striking twice. Classically, it is detected when aortic insufficiency exists in association with aortic stenosis, but may also be found in isolated but severe aortic insufficiency, and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

it can be best palpated in big arteries like brachial and carotid. The first lift is due to “percussion wave”(P) and the second lift is due to tidal wave (T).
If P>T - AR>AS

 if T>P - AS>AR

See also

• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

External links

• Bisferious pulse - Dorland’s Medical Dictionary
• Bisferious - Dictionary.com

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For other meanings, see Crowd control (disambiguation).

Crowd control is controlling a crowd who are not a riot and not a demonstration. Examples are at football matches and when a sale of goods has attracted an excess of customers. It calls for gentler tactics than riot control. Materials such as stanchions, crowd control barriers, fences and decals painted on the ground can be used to direct a crowd. Keeping the crowd comfortable and relaxed is also essential, so things like awnings, cooling fans (in hot weather), and entertainment are sometimes used as well. For controlling riots and demonstrations, see riot control.

See also

• Crowd control barriers
• Temporary fencing

External links

During World War II, Operation Stone Age or Stoneage was the merchant convoy that reached Malta from Egypt on 20 November, 1942 breaking the siege of that island. Followed Operation Train.

The convoy consisted of four ships and escort (three cruisers and ten destroyers) that reached Malta from Alexandria (Operation Stoneage). The cruiser HMS Arethusa was seriously damaged by torpedo and returned to Alexandria. This successful operation is seen as the “Relief of Malta”.

Underground is an album by Analog Pussy.
This is the 2nd full-length Analog Pussy album from 2001. It is a blend of trance, techno, house and ambient - all with one common vision - “Underground” music. The album experiments in blending Trance with techno touches, house-like grooves, ambient atmospheres and “psy-trance”. “Underground” has been released on CD and 2x LP vinyl. Both the CD and the vinyl versions include nine new and unreleased Analog Pussy tracks. The vinyl contains 2 bonus tracks that are not on the CD.

Track listing

1. “Underground Syndrome”
2. “Revenge Of The Toys”
3. “Mandocello Warrior”
4. “Shperma Pornomatic (Video Mix)
5. “Brutus”
6. “Hell Pump”
7. “Stomping Crow”
8. “Stop Tech”
9. “Federal Galactic Union”

Artists

• Jiga - Producer
• Jinno - Producer

Raymond Saunders is a Canadian clockmaker who has designed and built more than 150 customized clocks that mainly serve as tourist-attracting public artworks. In 1977 he was commissioned to build a steam clock for the Gastown district of Vancouver, Canada. The Gastown clock may be the first steam clock ever built, although there is evidence that 19th century British engineer John Inshaw made a steam clock after which was named a Birmingham pub. Saunders has since built six different public steam clocks for clients such as the city of Otaru, Japan, and the Indiana State Museum.

See also

Steam clock

External links

• Landmark Clocks

See also the science-fiction novel The Fall of Hyperion, second work in Dan Simmons’s Hyperion Cantos.

The Fall of Hyperion: A Dream is a poem written by the English Romantic John Keats. Keats composed “The Fall of Hyperion” by reworking, expanding, and personally narrating lines from his earlier fragmented epic poem “Hyperion”. This poem opens with the poet stumbling on a post-Edenic feast scene, and partaking of a “cool vessel of transparent juice” that becomes his muse.

External links

• Text of The Fall of Hyperion

SPN redirects here. A Service Principal Name (SPN) is used in the Kerberos protocol.

In cryptography, an SP-network, or substitution-permutation network (SPN), is a series of linked mathematical operations used in block cipher algorithms such as AES.

These networks consist of S-boxes and P-boxes that transform blocks of input bits into output bits. It is common for these transformations to be operations that are efficient to perform in hardware, such as exclusive or (XOR).

S-boxes substitute or transform input bits into output bits. A good S-box will have the property that changing one input bit will change about half of the output bits. It will also have the property that each output bit will depend on every input bit. P-boxes permute or transpose bits across S-box inputs. In addition, at each round the key is combined using some group operation, typically XOR.

See also

• Feistel network
• Product cipher
• Square
• International Data Encryption Algorithm

A Stethophone is an electronic instrument used to digitally monitor and record heart and lung sounds. A stethophone is different from a traditional stethoscope in that sound is transmitted electronically to headphones. The transmission may be via a wire or may be also wireless.

By exploiting specific properties of pulsed-mode multiphoton excitation the conflict between the density of the foci, i.e. the degree of parallelization, and the axial sectioning has been resolved. The basic idea is that the laser pulses of neighboring foci are temporally separated by at least one pulse duration, so that interference is avoided. This method is referred to as time-multiplexing (TMX). Moreover, with a high degree of time multiplicity, the interfocal distance can be reduced to such an extent that lateral scanning becomes obsolete. In this case axial scanning is sufficient to record a 3D-image.

[Technical Details]

An Advanced Shipment Notice (ASN or 856) is an EDI formatted electronic notification of pending deliveries; an electronic packing list. Its use is today mandated by many companies. A notification by a shipper providing instructions to all parties responsible for the movement of freight from origin to destination. An ASN refers to the information used in creating a Waybill and Bill of Lading.

• Finished Vehicles: An ASN usually includes date of freight availability, equipment number, routing, freight identification, origin, and destination, and other necessary information. Sent by plant or carrier in advance of arrival.
• Materials: Sent after dispatch from origin: includes supplier of record, SCAC, conveyance #, actual departure date/time, destination, with a list of part #/quantity, release ID

Fantasy name generators are programs that use a computer algorithm to create a fantasy name at random probability, usually for use in a role-playing game. They have been around since at least 1994. Early fantasy name generators often generated nonsense, creating names such as “Rsi’sskoo” or “Gbbtti”. Modern fantasy name generators are typically better at creating usable names.

The Data Authentication Algorithm (DAA) is a former U.S. government standard for producing cryptographic message authentication codes. According to the standard, a code produced by the DAA is called a Data Authentication Code (DAC). The algorithm is not considered secure by today’s standards.

The DAA is equivalent to CBC-MAC, with DES as the underlying cipher, truncated to between 24 and 56 bits (inclusive).

Sources

• FIPS PUB 113 - Computer Data Authentication - the Federal Information Processing Standard publication that defines the Data Authentication Algorithm

Implementation is the realization of an application, or execution of a plan, idea, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm, or policy.

In computer science, an implementation is a realization of a technical specification or algorithm as a program, software component, or other computer system. Many implementations may exist for a given specification or standard. For example, web browsers contain implementations of World Wide Web Consortium-recommended specifications, and software development tools contain implementations of programming languages.

In political science, implementation refers to the carrying out of public policy. Legislatures pass laws that are then carried out by public servants working in bureaucratic agencies. This process consists of rule-making, rule-administration and rule-adjudication. Factors impacting implementation include the legislative intent, the administrative capacity of the implementing bureaucracy, interest group activity and opposition, and presidential or executive support.

Types of implementation

• Phased
• Big Bang (financial markets) / Direct Changeover
• Hot Standby
• Parallel Running
• Pilot Introduction

See also

• Interface (computer science)
• Programming language implementation
• Java programming language

Related words in computer science: algorithm, application, code, computation, function, method, process, proceeding, procedure, scheme, solution, system, and technique.

Device Management is a set of technologies, protocols and standards used to allow the remote management of mobile devices, often involving updates of firmware over the air (FOTA). The network operator, handset OEM or in some cases even the end user (usually via a web portal) can use Device Management, also known as Mobile Device Management, or MDM, to update the handset firmware/OS, install applications and fix bugs, all over the air. Device Management Description,March 2007. Thus, large numbers of devices can be managed with single commands and the end user is freed from the requirement to take the phone to a shop or service center to reflash or update.

For companies, a Device Management system means better control and safety as well as increased efficiency, decreasing the possibility for device downtime. As the number of smart devices increases in many companies today, there is a demand for managing, controlling and updating these devices in an effective way. Normally an employee would need to visit the IT / Telecom department in order to do an update on the device. With a Device Management system, that is no longer the issue. Updates can easily be done “over the air”. The content on a lost or stolen device can also easily be removed by “wipe” operations. In that way sensitive documents on a lost or a stolen device do not arrive in the hands of others.

Operations

Device management comprises the following operations:

• Bootstrap provisioning of a mobile device
• Continuous provisioning of a mobile device
• Firmware update
• Firmware lifecycle management
• Software component management
• Customer care integration
• Device diagnostics
• Device capability management
• SIM / Smartcard based management
• Scheduling of management tasks
• Wireless Informatics

The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) has a device management workgroup, called OMA-DM, that is working on creating standards for device management.

References

External links

• Device Management Forum - Device Management News & Information Portal
• Open Mobile Alliance Device Management Specifications 1.1.2
• Informa publication Mobile Communications International examines Device Management (article from February 2006)
• Basic Q&A on Device Management
• InnoPath - Mobile Device Management Solutions
• Skynax - The Mobile Computing Platform for Mobile Communications :: Security :: Data Management :: Device Management
• mFormation-The Device Management Company

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A Graphics engine may refer to:

• Game engine: a physics model typically implemented in software for use in computer games;
• Graphics engine (hardware): a specialized computer hardware device, typically integrated with a framebuffer or other video display circuitry, for performing graphics calculations independently of a computer’s main processor; or
• First person shooter graphics engine

Kim Egler is a model who worked with Playboy in the mid-1990s.

Appearances in Playboy special editions

• Playboy’s Book of Lingerie Vol. 30 March 1993 – page 13.
• Playboy’s Girls of Summer ‘93 June 1993 – page 8.
• Playboy’s Book of Lingerie Vol. 31 May 1993 – page 39.
• Playboy’s Book of Lingerie Vol. 35 January 1994.
• Playboy’s Book of Lingerie Vol. 37 May 1994.
• Playboy’s Girls of Summer ‘94 June 1994.
• Playboy’s Book of Lingerie Vol. 38 July 1994.
• Playboy’s Beauty Queens August 1994.
• Playboy’s Nudes November 1994.
• Playboy’s Book of Lingerie Vol. 41 January 1995.
• Playboy’s Bathing Beauties March 1995.
• Playboy’s Book of Lingerie Vol. 43 May 1995.
• Playboy’s Book of Lingerie Vol. 44 July 1995.
• Playboy’s Nudes October 1995.
• Playboy’s Book of Lingerie Vol. 51 September 1996.

Several high schools are called Woodbridge High School including:

In the United States:

• Woodbridge High School, Irvine, California
• Woodbridge High School, Bridgeville, Delaware
• Woodbridge High School, Woodbridge, New Jersey
• Woodbridge Senior High School, Woodbridge, Virginia

In

Canada:

• Woodbridge High School, Woodbridge, Ontario (1958-1991)

In the United Kingdom:

• Woodbridge High School, Woodford Bridge, London

On POSIX-compliant platforms, SIGCONT is the signal sent to restart a computer program previously paused by the SIGSTOP signal. The symbolic constant for SIGCONT is defined in the header file signal.h. Symbolic signal names are used because signal numbers can vary across platforms.

Etymology

SIG is a common prefix for signal names. CONT is an abbreviation for continue.

Usage

When SIGSTOP is sent to a process, the usual behaviour is to pause that process in its current state. The process will only resume execution if it is sent the SIGCONT signal. SIGSTOP and SIGCONT are used for job control in the Unix shell, among other purposes.

Simultaneous equation methods have been used in econometrics to take account of the fact that economic variables such as prices and quantities are, in general, jointly determined in market equilibrium. Important examples include instrumental variables, two-stage least squares, three-stage least squares and seemingly unrelated regression models.

In mathematics, a free Boolean algebra is a Boolean algebra with a distinguished set of elements, called generators, such that:

1. Each element of the Boolean algebra can be expressed as a finite combination of generators, using the Boolean operations, and
2. The generators are as independent as possible, in the sense that there are no relationships among them (again in terms of finite expressions using the Boolean operations) that do not hold in every Boolean algebra no matter which elements are chosen.

Motivation and example

The generators of a free Boolean algebra can represent independent propositions. For example, we might consider the two propositions “John is tall” and “Mary is rich”. These generate a Boolean algebra with four atoms, namely

1. John is tall, and Mary is rich
2. John is tall, and Mary is not rich
3. John is not tall, and Mary is rich
4. John is not tall, and Mary is not rich

Other elements of the Boolean algebra are then logical disjunctions of the atoms, such as “John is tall and Mary is not rich, or John is not tall and Mary is rich”. In addition there is one more element, FALSE, which is not a disjunction of atoms (though it can be thought of as the empty disjunction; that is, the disjunction of no atoms).

This example yields a Boolean algebra with 16 elements; in general, for finite n, the free Boolean algebra with n generators has 2ⁿ atoms, and therefore <math>2^{2^n}</math> elements.

For infinitely many generators the situation is very similar, except that there are no atoms. Each element of the Boolean algebra is a combination of finitely many of the generating propositions; two such elements are considered to be the same if they are logically equivalent.

Category-theoretic definition

More formally, using concepts from category theory, a free Boolean algebra on a set of generators S is an ordered pair (π,B), where

1. π: S → B is a mapping,
2. B is a Boolean algebra,

and which is universal with respect to this property. This means that for any Boolean algebra B₁ and mapping π₁: S → B₁, there is a unique homomorphism f: B → B₁ such that

<math> \pi_1 = f \circ \pi. </math>

This universality property can also be formulated as an initiality property in so-called comma categories.

The uniqueness up to isomorphism is a property that follows immediately from the universal property. Note that the mapping π can be shown to be injective. Thus any free Boolean algebra B has the property that there is a subset S of B, called the set of generators of B, such that any map from S into a Boolean algebra B₁ extends uniquely to a homomorphism from B into B₁.

Topological realization

For any desired number κ of generators, finite or infinite, the free Boolean algebra with κ generators may be realized as the collection of all clopen subsets of {0,1}^κ, given the product topology assuming that {0,1} has the discrete topology. The generators may be enumerated as follows: for each α<κ the α’th generator is the set of all elements of {0,1}^κ whose α’th coordinate is 1. In particular, the free Boolean algebra with <math>\aleph_0</math> generators is the collection of all clopen subsets of Cantor space. Perhaps surprisingly, there are only countably many of these. In fact, while for finite n the free Boolean algebra with n generators has cardinality <math>2^{2^n}</math>, for infinite κ the corresponding cardinality is just κ.

For the wider context of this topological realization, see the article on Stone’s representation theorem for Boolean algebras.

References

Saunders Mac Lane (1999) Algebra. 3d. edition, American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-821-81646-2.

In linguistics, an epizeuxis is the repetition of words with no others between, for vehemence or emphasis.

Examples:

• “Words, words, words”. (Hamlet)
• “Developers, developers, developers, developers!” (Steve Ballmer)
• “Education, education, education.” (Tony Blair)
• “Never, never, never quit”. (Winston Churchill)

Such repetition is also used in writing:

References

Wide bandgap semiconductors are semiconductor materials with electronic band gaps larger than an electronvolt (eV) or two (the exact threshold for “wideness” often depends on the application though). They have applications in optoelectronic and power devices, especially where high-temperature operation is important.

Gallium nitride (GaN) is used to make blue LEDs and lasers. In the future, high brightness, long life white LEDs may replace incandescent bulbs in many situations. The next generation of DVD players (The Blu-ray and HD DVD formats), uses GaN based lasers.

Aluminium nitride can be used to fabricate ultraviolet LEDs with wavelengths down to 200-250 nm. Due to its cost, it is so far used mostly in military applications.

Devices for high power and high temperature applications have been developed. Both gallium nitride and silicon carbide are robust materials well suited for such applications. Cubic boron nitride is used as well. Most of these are for specialist applications in space programmes and military systems. They have not begun to displace silicon from its leading place in the general power semiconductor market.

Important wide bandgap semiconductors

• Silicon carbide
• Aluminium nitride
• Gallium nitride
• Boron nitride
• Diamond

See also

• Band gap
• Direct bandgap
• Semiconductor
• Semiconductor devices
• Semiconductor materials

Slot time is a concept in computer networking. It is twice the time it takes for an electronic pulse (OSI Layer 1 - Physical) to travel the length of
the maximum theoretical distance between two nodes. In CSMA/CD networks such as ethernet, NICs wait a minimum of the slot time (which should be a constant, NOT dependent on the individual network -ie, it is a standard across all CSMA/CD networks that use a common NIC) before transmitting, allowing time (the maximum theoretical time - slot time) for the pulse to reach the NIC that intends to send.

Since a pulse will never exceed slot time (the maximum theoretical time for a frame to travel a network), the NIC waits a minimum of slot time before transmitting, in order to allow any pulse that was initiated at the time that the waiting NIC was requested to send, to reach the waiting NIC. By allowing the pulse to reach the waiting NIC, a local collision occurs rather than a late collision occurring. By having the collision occur at the NIC (local) and not on the wire (late) CSMA/CD implementation can take more control over the situation.

Some times for slot time include:

• Slot time is only applicable to half-duplex transmissions. Since slot time is the time required to wait for the medium to be free from transmissions, there is no time required to wait for full-duplex transmissions. 10 Gbit/s is a full duplex technology, so slot time is not applicable here.

See also: bit time

In medicine, a person’s pulse is the throbbing of their arteries as an effect of the heart beat. It can be felt at the neck (carotid artery), at the wrist (radial artery), behind the knee (Popliteal artery), on the inside of the elbow (Brachial artery), near the ankle joint (Posterior Tibial artery), and a few other places.

Pressure waves move the artery walls, which are pliable; these waves are not caused by the forward movement of the blood. When the heart contracts, blood is ejected into the aorta and the aorta stretches. At this point the wave of distention (pulse wave) is pronounced but relatively slow-moving (3 to 6 m/s). As it travels towards the peripheral blood vessels, it gradually diminishes and becomes faster. In the large arterial branches, its velocity is 7 to 10 m/s; in the small arteries, it is 15 to 35 m/s. The pressure pulse is transmitted 15 or more times more rapidly than the blood flow.

The term pulse is also used, although incorrectly, to denote the frequency of the heart beat, usually measured in beats per minute. In most people, the pulse is an accurate measure of heart rate. Under certain circumstances, including arrhythmias, some of the heart beats are ineffective and the aorta is not stretched enough to create a palpable pressure wave. The pulse is too irregular and the heart rate can be (much) higher than the pulse rate. In this case, the heart rate should be determined by auscultation of the heart apex, in which case it is not the pulse. The pulse deficit (difference between heart beats and pulsations at the periphery) should be determined by simultaneous palpation at the radial artery and auscultation at the heart apex.

A normal pulse rate for a healthy adult, while resting, can range from 60 to 100 beats per minute (BPM). During sleep, this can drop to as low as 40 BPM; during strenuous exercise, it can rise as high as 200–220 BPM. Generally, pulse rates are higher in younger people. A resting heart rate for an infant is as high as or higher than an adult’s pulse rate during strenuous exercise.

Pulses are manually palpated with fingers. When palpating the carotid artery, the femoral artery or the brachial artery, the thumb may be used. However, the thumb has its own pulse which can interfere with detecting the patient’s pulse at other points, where two or three fingers should be used. Fingers or thumb must be placed near an artery and pressed gently against a firm structure, usually a bone, in order to feel the pulse.

An alternative way of finding the pulse rate is by palpating or listening to the heartbeat. This is most commonly done with the examiner’s palm or through a stethoscope. Before the invention of the stethoscope examiners would press their ear directly to the chest.

A collapsing pulse is a sign of hyperdynamic circulation.

Common pulse points

• radial pulse - located on the thumb side of the wrist (radial artery)
• ulnar pulse - located on the little finger side of the wrist (ulnar artery)
• carotid pulse - located in the neck (carotid artery). The carotid artery should be palpated gently. Stimulating its baroreceptors with vigorous palpitation can provoke severe bradycardia or even stop the heart in some sensitive persons. Also, a person’s two carotid arteries should not be palpated at the same time, to avoid a risk of fainting or brain ischemia.
• brachial pulse - located between the biceps and triceps, on the medial side of the elbow cavity frequently used in place of carotid pulse in infants (brachial artery)
• femoral pulse - located in the thigh (femoral artery)
• popliteal pulse - located behind the knee in the popliteal fossa, found by holding the bent knee. The patient bends the knee at approximately 120°, and the physician holds it in both hands to find the popliteal artery in the pit behind the knee.
• dorsalis pedis pulse - located on top of the foot (dorsalis pedis artery)
• tibialis posterior pulse - located in the back of the ankle behind the medial malleolus (posterior tibial artery).
• temporal pulse - located on the Temple (anatomy)|temple directly in front of the ear (superficial temporal artery)

The ease of palpability of a pulse is dictated by the patient’s blood pressure. If his or her systolic blood pressure is below 90 mmHg, the radial pulse will not be palpable. Below 80 mmHg, the brachial pulse will not be palpable. Below 60 mmHg, the carotid pulse will not be palpable. Since systolic blood pressure rarely drops that low, the lack of a carotid pulse usually indicates death. It is not unheard of, however, for patients with certain injuries, illnesses or other medical problems to be conscious and aware with no palpable pulse.

In computational linguistics, a frequency list is a sorted list of words (word types) together with their frequency, where frequency here usually means the number of occurrences in a given corpus. A short example could be:
</br>
</br>

It seems that Zipf’s law holds for frequency lists drawn from longer texts of any natural language. Frequency lists are a necessary prerequisite for building of an electronic dictionary, which is by itself a prerequisite for a wide range of applications in computational linguistics.

See also

• Letter frequencies
• Most common words in English

In the Science Fiction universe of the TV Show Stargate SG-1, The Goa’uld Healing Device is a technology used by the Goa’uld to heal wounds. It is a powerful device, able to heal most severe diseases and significant physical trauma, but comes nowhere close to the power of the sarcophagus, and cannot revive the dead. This, like the hand device, can only be used by someone with naqahdah in his or her bloodstream, meaning a Goa’uld, or a former host.

The device takes the form of a jewel attached to a metal band; the jewel is supposed to be placed under the hand. It is used the most extensively by the Tok’ra for healing as they do not use the sarcophagus because of its psychological effects. SGC has obtained at least one of these devices, which was kept in reserve for occasional use by Samantha Carter, temporary host of the Tok’ra Jolinar, although Vala Mal Doran, ex-host to Qetesh, is also capable of using it, and has displayed considerably more skill than Col. Carter, most likely due to her having been a host for a far longer period than Carter. Thus, Vala is presently the SGC member most often asked to operate the device.

See also

• Hand Device
• Sarcophagus
• Ancient healing device
• DNA Resequencer

A function generator is a piece of electronic test equipment or software used to generate electrical waveforms. These waveforms can be either repetitive, or single-shot (once only) in which case some kind of triggering source is required (internal or external). The resultant waveforms can be applied to a device under test and analyzed as they progress through the device, confirming the proper operation of the device or pinpointing a fault in it.

Explanation

Analog function generators usually generate a triangle waveform as the basis for all of its other outputs. The triangle is generated by repeatedly charging and discharging a capacitor from a constant current source. This produces a linearly ascending or descending voltage ramp. As the output voltage reaches upper and lower limits, the charging and discharging is reversed using a comparator, producing the linear triangle wave. By varying the current and the size of the capacitor, different frequencies may be obtained.

A 50% duty cycle square wave is easily obtained by noting whether the capacitor is being charged or discharged, which is reflected in the current switching comparator’s output. Most function generators also contain a non-linear diode shaping circuit that can convert the triangle wave into a reasonably accurate sine wave. It does so by rounding off the hard corners of the triangle wave in a process similar to clipping in audio systems.

The type of output connector from the device depends on the frequency range of the generator. A typical function generator can provide frequencies up to 20 MHz and uses a BNC connector, usually requiring a 50 or 75 ohm termination. Specialised RF generators are capable of gigahertz frequencies and typically use N-type output connectors.

Function generators, like most signal generators, may also contain an attenuator, various means of modulating the output waveform, and often the ability to automatically and repetitively “sweep” the frequency of the output waveform (by means of a voltage-controlled oscillator) between two operator-determined limits. This capability makes it very easy to evaluate the frequency response of a given electronic circuit.

Some function generators can also generate white or pink noise.

More advanced function generators use Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) to generate waveforms. Arbitrary waveform generators use DDS to generate any waveform that can be described by a table of amplitude values.

See also

• Signal generator
• Electronic musical instrument

Manufacturers of Function Generators

• Berkeley Nucleonics, San Rafael CA
• Agilent Technologies
• B&K Precision
• National Instruments
• Scientific Mes-Technik , India
• Tektronix
• Wavetek
• ZTEC Instruments

In a low-IF receiver, the RF signal is mixed down to a non-zero low or moderate intermediate frequency, typically a few megahertz. Low-IF receiver topologies have many of the desirable properties of zero-IF architectures, but avoid the DC offset and 1/f noise problems.

The use of a non-zero IF re-introduces the image issue. However, when there are relatively relaxed image and neighbouring channel rejection requirements they can be satisfied by carefully designed low-IF receivers. Image signal and unwanted blockers can be rejected by quadrature downconversion (complex mixing) and subsequent filtering.

This technique is now widely used in the tiny FM receivers incorporated into MP3 players and mobile phones, and is becoming commonplace in both analog and digital TV receiver designs. Using advanced analog and digital signal processing techniques, cheap, high quality receivers using no resonant circuits at all are now possible.

In the Linux kernel, the device-mapper is a generic framework to map one block device into another. It forms the foundation of LVM2 and EVMS, software RAIDs, dm-crypt disk encryption, and offers additional features such as file system snapshots.

Device-mapper works by processing data passed in from a virtual block device, that it itself provides, and then passing it on to another block device.

Applications (like LVM2 and EVMS) that want to create new mapped devices talk to the Device-mapper via the libdevmapper.so shared library, which in turn issues ioctls to the /dev/mapper/control device node. Device-mapper is also accessible from shell scripts via the dmsetup tool.

Device mapper applications

• LVM2
• EVMS
• dm-crypt
• cryptoloop (deprecated)

External links

• Device-mapper Resource Page
• Device mapper home at Red Hat
• - an article that illustrates the use of various Device-mapper targets
• dmraid source code for Fake RAID controllers

Sextet is a composition by Steve Reich. It is written for an ensemble of four percussionists and two keyboardists, hence the title. The percussionists play (at various times) three marimbas, two vibraphones, two bass drums, crotales, sticks, and tam-tam. The keyboardists play both pianos and synthesizers set to an electric organ sound. The piece was composed in 1984–1985 and is about 28 minutes in duration.

The piece broken into five movements and, like many other Reich compositions, Sextet has an arch form: A-B-C-B-A. The paired movements share a tempo and a particular cycle of chords. These cycles use dominant chords with added tones to give it a darker, more chromatic sound, much like Reich’s previous piece, The Desert Music.

Sextet plays with two aspects of music. First, it tries to overcome the natural acoustic limitations of percussion instruments. To overcome the note duration limitation (percussion instruments only produce notes of short duration), Reich employs bowed vibraphones, where the vibraphone is not struck with a mallet, but the bars are bowed with a bass bow. A similar limitation in the keyboard section is countered by the use of the synthesizers. To overcome the range limitation (mallet instruments don’t have a true bass register family member), the bass drum is employed, with doubling from the pianos or synthesizers.

Second, the piece plays with ambiguity. In the third movement, a basic 12 beat pattern is ambiguous between a division into three and into four. In other parts of the piece, the line that was the melody becomes the accompaniment, even though the actual notes do not change.

The piece was premiered in 1985 and was recorded by Steve Reich’s ensemble on Nonesuch Records in 1986.

References

• Reich, Steve. Liner Notes. “Sextet/Six Marimbas.” CD. Nonesuch Records, 1986.

External links

• Amazon.com listing

Rise: Blood Hunter is a 2007 horror/thriller film directed by Sebastian Gutierrez. It is a Samuel Goldwyn Films release. Rise is a supernatural thriller in which a reporter (Liu) wakes up in a morgue to discover she is no longer among the living. She vows revenge against the cult responsible for putting her there and hunts them down one by one. Chiklis plays “Rawlins,” a haunted police detective whose daughter is killed by the same cult and seeks answers for her gruesome death. Producer Sam Raimi confirmed that a sequel is in development with Ben Katai writing the script though he is unsure if Liu or Chiklis will reprise their roles.

Plot

Sadie Blake, a reporter, becomes fully aware of the fact that she somehow died when she wakes up in a morgue. She then attempts to gain revenge upon the vampires that killed her by hunting them one by one. She is helped by Detective Clyde Rawlins, whose daughter was also killed by that same vampire clique.

Cast

• Lucy Liu - Sadie Blake
• Margo Harshman - Tricia Rawlins
• Marilyn Manson - Juan Ton
• Michael Chiklis - Detective Clyde Rawlins
• James D’Arcy - Bishop
• Carla Gugino - Eve
• Robert Forster - Lloyd
• Samaire Armstrong - Jenny
• Mako - Poe

External links

• Ghost House Pictures
  

WOW Promotions was founded by Art Davie and Rorion Gracie in 1993 to produce a martial arts tournament which became the Ultimate Fighting Championship. The idea for a televised tournament to discover the world’s best fighter was Davie’s. Hester, Todd, The Art of War, Grappling, January 2002, page 107. Later that same year, WOW Promotions partnered with Semaphore Entertainment Group to produce the 1st Ultimate Fighting Championship for pay-per-view television. Following UFC 5 in April 1995, WOW sold its interest in the franchise to SEG and closed the company.

Footnote

Fall Creek is the name of several places in the United States:

• Fall Creek, Wisconsin, a town
• Fall Creek neighborhood in Ithaca, New York
• Fall Creek, a stream in New York
• Fall Creek, a stream in Indiana
• Fall Creek, Oregon, a town
• Fall Creek (Illinois), a stream in Illinois.
• Fall Creek Falls (Texas), a waterfall at Lake Buchanan, Texas
• Fall Creek (San Mateo County, California) a small river

See also

• Fall River
• Falls River

Soft tissue technique is used in osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM).

Indications/contraindications

Soft tissue technique is used to resolve dysfunctions commonly described by the mnemonic device “TART” (Tissue texture change, Asymmetry, Restriction, and Tenderness). It is often used in conjunction with other techniques to treat somatic dysfunction. Soft tissue technique is considered to be a direct technique, meaning that the tissue is directly engaged. It is therefore contraindicated for acute injury, wounds, cancer, and in any situation where it might elicit pain.

Techniques

Techniques are generally classified by the orientation of the vector of force in relation to the grain of the tissue being treated, either perpendicular or parallel. For each body segment, there are a variety of techniques in both vectors. It can be administered with the patient in nearly any posture, allowing it to be used in a wide range of situations. Many techniques involve rhythmic engaging of the tissue, massaging the muscle into relaxation. Other techniques simply involve stretching the tissue parallel to its grain.

Sources

Ward, Robert C. et al; Foundations for Osteopathic Medicine (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-3497-5

See also

• Timeline of notable computer viruses and worms
• Malware
• Computer worm
• List of computer viruses
• List of trojan horses

In set theory and its applications throughout mathematics, a class is a collection of sets (or sometimes other mathematical objects) that can be unambiguously defined by a property that all its members share.
Some classes are sets (for instance, the class of all integers that are even), but others are not (for instance, the class of all ordinal numbers or the class of all sets).
A class that is not a set is called a proper class.

Many objects in mathematics are too big for sets and need to be described with classes. Examples include large categories or the class-field of surreal numbers. The usual construction to show that a given “thing” is a proper class is to show that such a “thing” has at least as many elements as there are ordinal numbers. For an example of such a proof, see free lattices.

A proper class cannot be an element of a set or a class and is not subject to the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms of set theory; thereby a number of paradoxes of naive set theory are avoided.
Instead, these paradoxes become proofs that a certain class is proper.
For example, Russell’s paradox becomes a proof that the class of all sets which do not contain themselves is proper, and the Burali-Forti paradox becomes a proof that the class of all ordinal numbers is proper.

The standard Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory axioms do not talk about classes; classes exist only in the metalanguage as equivalence classes of logical formulas.
Another approach is taken by the von Neumann-Bernays-Gödel axioms; classes are the basic objects in this theory, and a set is then defined to be a class that is an element of some other class.
The proper classes, then, are those classes that are not elements of any other class.

In other set theories, such as New Foundations or the theory of semisets, the concept of “proper class” still makes sense (not all collections are sets) but the criterion of sethood is not size. For example, any set theory with a universal set has proper classes which are subclasses of sets.

The word “class” is sometimes used synonymously with “set,” most notably in the term “equivalence class.”
This usage dates from a historical period where classes and sets were not distinguished as they are in modern terminology.
Many discussions of “classes” in the 19th century and earlier are really referring to sets, or perhaps to a more ambiguous concept.

Ray is a common surname in India, and is also found in many English-speaking countries. In India, the same name is also sometimes spelled Roy, and comes from the same root as Raj, which is also the root of the Latin rex (king), English reign and royal, etc. The English surname may come from the same root, probably via French roi; it can also come from a Middle English term meaning a female roe deer, or from the place-names Rye and Wray, among other possible roots. Variations on the surname also appear elsewhere in the world.

Some notable people with this surname are:

• Adil Ray
• Aldo Ray
• Allan Ray
• Amuro Ray
• Amy Ray
• Andrew Ray
• Blaine Ray
• Brian Ray
• Charles Lee Ray
• Charlie Ray
• Chris Ray
• Clifford Ray
• Danny Ray
• David R. Ray
• Dave “Snaker” Ray
• Dixy Lee Ray
• Dorothy Jean Ray, historian of folk art
• Elise Ray
• Elizabeth Ray
• Elmer Ray
• Fred Olen Ray
• Gabrielle Ray
• Gene Ray
• Gene Anthony Ray
• Greg Ray
• James Ray
• James B. Ray
• James Earl Ray, who killed Martin Luther King
• James Ray (rock musician)
• James Ray (singer)
• Janisse Ray
• Jean Ray, Belgian writer
• John Ray
• Johnnie Ray
• Johnny Ray
• Jonah Ray, American comedian
• Karen B. Ray
• Ken Ray
• Lisa Ray
• Little Ray
• Man Ray
• Mike Ray
• Nicholas Ray
• Ola Ray
• Pratibha Ray, Indian writer
• Rachael Ray
• Ray brothers
• Reginald Ray
• Rex Ray
• Richie Ray
• Ricky Ray
• Rob Ray
• Robert D. Ray
• Robert Ray (Australian politician) (born 1947)
• Robin Ray
• Satyajit Ray, a famous Indian film director
• Scottie Ray
• Shawn Ray
• Siddhartha Shankar Ray
• Stephanie Ray
• Stevie Ray, American wrestler Lane Huffman
• Sukumar Ray, a Bengali nonsense poet, story writer and playwright
• Tanika Ray
• Ted Ray (comedian)
• Ted Ray (golfer)
• Thomas S. Ray
• Tony Ray-Jones
• Upendrakishore Ray
• Wayne Ray
• William Hallett Ray

• Arundhati Roy
• Indra Lal Roy

See also

• Ray
• Le Ray, Leray
• Del Ray
• Rae
• Rey
• Wray

A function generator is a piece of electronic test equipment or software used to generate electrical waveforms. These waveforms can be either repetitive, or single-shot (once only) in which case some kind of triggering source is required (internal or external). The resultant waveforms can be applied to a device under test and analyzed as they progress through the device, confirming the proper operation of the device or pinpointing a fault in it.

Explanation

Analog function generators usually generate a triangle waveform as the basis for all of its other outputs. The triangle is generated by repeatedly charging and discharging a capacitor from a constant current source. This produces a linearly ascending or descending voltage ramp. As the output voltage reaches upper and lower limits, the charging and discharging is reversed using a comparator, producing the linear triangle wave. By varying the current and the size of the capacitor, different frequencies may be obtained.

A 50% duty cycle square wave is easily obtained by noting whether the capacitor is being charged or discharged, which is reflected in the current switching comparator’s output. Most function generators also contain a non-linear diode shaping circuit that can convert the triangle wave into a reasonably accurate sine wave. It does so by rounding off the hard corners of the triangle wave in a process similar to clipping in audio systems.

The type of output connector from the device depends on the frequency range of the generator. A typical function generator can provide frequencies up to 20 MHz and uses a BNC connector, usually requiring a 50 or 75 ohm termination. Specialised RF generators are capable of gigahertz frequencies and typically use N-type output connectors.

Function generators, like most signal generators, may also contain an attenuator, various means of modulating the output waveform, and often the ability to automatically and repetitively “sweep” the frequency of the output waveform (by means of a voltage-controlled oscillator) between two operator-determined limits. This capability makes it very easy to evaluate the frequency response of a given electronic circuit.

Some function generators can also generate white or pink noise.

More advanced function generators use Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) to generate waveforms. Arbitrary waveform generators use DDS to generate any waveform that can be described by a table of amplitude values.

See also

• Signal generator
• Electronic musical instrument

Manufacturers of Function Generators

• Berkeley Nucleonics, San Rafael CA
• Agilent Technologies
• B&K Precision
• National Instruments
• Scientific Mes-Technik , India
• Tektronix
• Wavetek
• ZTEC Instruments

Bounding pulse is the medical sign which characterizes by a bounding and forceful pulse felt at the radial artery. Together with flapping tremor and warm, sweaty palms, they signifies CO2 retention.

To feel a bounding pulse, palpate the radial artery with the distal palmar edge lightly. You will feel a bounding and forceful character.

In mathematics, closed form can mean:

• Closed-form expression, a finitary expression, rather than one involving (for example) an infinite series, or use of recursion - this meaning usually occurs in a phrase like A closed form can be found for the recursively defined Fibonacci sequence. and can also be called a closed formula or an explicit formula;
• Closed differential form, a differential form <math>\alpha</math> with the property that <math>d\alpha = 0</math>