Generators info

A dumb network is marked by using intelligent devices (i.e., PCs) at the periphery that make use of a network that does not interfere with an application’s operation. The dumb network concept is the natural outcome of the end to end principle. The Internet was originally designed to operate as a dumb network.

In some circles the dumb network is regarded as a natural culmination of technological progress in network technology. With the justification that the dumb network uniquely satisfies the requirements of the end to end principle for application creation, supporters see the dumb network as uniquely qualified for this purpose. In reality the dumb network is only one position in a continuum of network design. Its attributes are suitable for the creation of certain types of network applications but are considered deleterious for others.

A dumb network, by design, is not sensitive to the needs of applications. The dumb network model can, in some ways, allow for flexibility and ease of innovation in the development of applications that is not matched by other models.

Critics of dumb network architecture posit two arguments in favor of “intelligent” networks. The first, that certain users and transmission needs of certain applications are more important than others and thus should be granted greater network priority. An example is that of real time video applications that are more time sensitive than say, text applications. Thus video transmissions would receive network priority to prevent picture skips, while text transmissions could be delayed with few if any problems affecting its application performance. The second is that networks should be able to defend against attacks by malware and other bad actors.

Advocates of dumb networks counter the first argument by pointing out that prioritizing network traffic is very expensive, both in monetary and network performance terms; also, advocates consider this a bandwidth problem and not a network protocol issue. The security argument is that malware is an end-to-end problem and thus should be dealt with at the endpoints, and that attempting to adapt the network to counter attacks is both cumbersome, inefficient.

The dumb network (and the end to end principle) was conceived of as an antithesis to the idea of a centralized intelligent computer network in which all applications were under central network control. A synthesis is taking place in the concept application aware networks or as they are sometimes called context aware networks. These networks allow intelligent devices to set up end to end applications as in the dumb network. However they are aware of application needs and in the social and enterprise context in which the applications are being used. Thus the network can make decisions on resource allocation conflicts in light of the collective needs of all users and the purposes (social and enterprise) that guide them.

Kat Farrell is a fictional character existing in Marvel Comics’ Marvel Universe, usually appearing in comic books featuring Avengers-related characters in New York City. She has an over-protective mother, a fish named Bilbo Baggins, and a smoking habit she is trying to quit. She is a top reporter for the Daily Bugle. Along with Ben Urich, she is in charge of the The Pulse, the section of the Daily Bugle which focuses on superheros.

Her first appearance in the 2002 limited series Deadline featured her adventures as a reporter for the Daily Bugle. Kate was initially interested in reporting on ‘real’ heroes, such as police officers and firefighters. She did not like being forced to cover superheros, or as she derogatorily referred to them, ‘Capes’.

Following six supervillain homicides, Kat is led to murdered judge Michael Hart, who presided solely over superhero crimes. Hart’s wife had also been murdered. The police suspect that it was a double homicide or Hart had killed his wife first. Kat discovers that Hart had been murdered by the Tinkerer. He had returned, though, with supernatural powers.

Paul Swanson, fellow reporter, breaks into her apartment and kills her fish in an attempt to scare her off the case. Undeterred, she nevertheless decides to drop the story anyway, to protect Hart.

Kat also participates in the investigation of fellow journalist Teri Kidder’s death.

She was the first to interview Luke Cage when he brought the villain, the Green Goblin AKA Norman Osborne, to justice.

Alternate versions

In the The Pulse #10, Kat’s life, like most of earth, has been changed by House Of M reality alteration. She wants to write the truth but meets resistance because the ruling mutant class controls the newspapers. Ben Urich even encourages her to toe the line. She meets one of the few people who know about the true reality, Hawkeye. Angry enough to even seemingly assault her (he traps her with carefully placed arrows that pierce clothing), he soon reveals many things. In the true reality he is dead, killed by the woman who created House of M. Many signs of mutant repression are interpreted visually in different ways by Hawkeye.

It is not known whether Hawkeye, who has returned in this reality, remembers the alternate version of Kat.

Appearances

• Deadline #1-4
• The Pulse #2-5,11,13
• Young Avengers #1 and Special
• New Avengers #14-15

The 35th (South Midlands) Signal Regiment is a British Territorial Army regiment of the Royal Corps of Signals.

The Regiment consists of five squadrons:

• HQ Squadron
• 48 (City of Birmingham) Signal Squadron
• 58 (Staffordshire) Signal Squadron
• 89 (Warwickshire) Signal Squadron
• 95 (Shropshire Yeomanry) Signal Squadron

The regiment’s squadrons are all based in the Midlands of England: 48 Signal Squadron is based in Birmingham; 58 Signal Squadron is based in Newcastle-under-Lyme; 89 Signal Squadron is based in Rugby, Warwickshire; and 95 Signal Squadron is based in Shrewsbury. The Headquarters (HQ) Squadron is based in Coventry.

The regiment provides support to the Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps, and is part of 11 Signal Group (V).

External links

• Regiment website
• Ministry of Defence website

In elementary arithmetic a carry is a digit that is transferred from one column of digits to another column of more significant digits during a calculation algorithm. It is a central part of traditional mathematics, but is often omitted from the newest standards-based mathematics curricula which de-emphasize single correct methods to find one correct answer.

An example of carry is in the following pencil-and-paper addition:

  ¹
  27
+ 59
----
  86

7 + 9 = 16, and the digit 1 is the carry.

The opposite is a borrow, as in

  -1
  47
- 19
—-
  28

Here, 7 - 9 = -2, so try (10 - 9) + 7 = 8, and the 10 is got by taking (”borrowing”) 1 from the next digit to the left.

When speaking of a digital circuit like an adder, the word carry is used in a similar sense. In most computers, the carry from the most significant bit of an arithmetic operation (or bit shifted out from a shift operation) is placed in a special carry bit which can be used as a carry-in for multiple precision arithmetic or tested and used to control execution of a computer program.

Mathematics education

Traditionally, carry is taught in the addition of multidigit numbers in the 2nd or late first year of elementary school. However since the late 20th century, many widely adopted curricula developed in the United States such as TERC omitted instruction of the traditional carry method in favor of invented arithmetic methods, and methods using coloring, manipulatives, and charts. Such omissions were criticized by such groups as Mathematically Correct, and some states and districts have since abandoned this experiment, though it remains widely used.

See also

• Carry flag, the equivalent in a computer

External link

King Ding of Zhou (ch.: 周定王, pinyin zhōu dìng wáng) or King Ting of Chou (wg) was the twenty-first sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the ninth of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Personal information

Notational analysis is an emerging technology used in professional sports for competitive advantage. Play is analyzed by annotating matches and players for tactics and techniques using a technique called Notational Analysis. Notational analysis studies gross movements or movement patterns in team sports, is primarily concerned with strategy and tactics and has a history in dance and music notation. Patterns of play which lead and did not lead to scoring against specific opponents can then be identified. This information is then exploited in subsequent matches.

References

Carling, C., Williams, A.M. and Reilly, T. (2005). The Handbook of Soccer Match Analysis. London: Routledge.

Surautomatism is any theory or act in practice of surrealist creative production taking, or purporting to take, automatism to its most absurd limits.

In their 1945 statement Dialectique de la Dialectique, Romanian surrealists Gherashim Luca and Dolfi Trost wrote,

We have returned to the problem of knowledge through images… by establishing a clear distinction between images produced by artistic means and images resulting from rigorously applied scientific procedures, such as the operation of chance or of automatism. We stand opposed to the tendency to reproduce, through symbols, certain valid theoretical contents by the use of pictorial techniques, and believe that the unknown that surrounds us can find a staggering materialization of the highest order in indecipherable images. In generally accepting until now pictorial reproductive means, surrealist painting will find that the way to its blossoming lies in the absurd use of aplastic, objective and entirely non-artistic procedures.

The name surautomatism suggests “going beyond” automatism, but whether surautomatism is anything but a group of methods by which surrealist automatism is practiced is controversial.

Surautomatism includes cubomania, entopic graphomania and various types of what the Romanian surrealists called “indecipherable writing”.

See also

• Surrealist techniques
• Writing

Jim Sonzero is a music video and film director. He co-directed Mariah Carey’s “Can’t Let Go”. His feature length directorial debut was Pulse, a horror movie starring Kristen Bell.

All Ages is Bad Religion’s compilation album, released on November 7, 1995. It contains songs from Suffer to Generator, plus one song from their first album How Could Hell Be Any Worse?, and two live tracks recorded live during their 1994 European tour.

Despite the compilation being released on Epitaph Records, any songs from their post-Generator albums – Recipe for Hate and Stranger Than Fiction – are not included, as they were released through their former label Atlantic Records.

Track listing

1. “I Want To Conquer The World” (from No Control)
2. “Do What You Want” (Live Version) (from Suffer)
3. “You Are (The Government)” (from Suffer)
4. “Modern Man” (from Against the Grain)
5. “We’re Only Gonna Die” (from How Could Hell Be Any Worse?)
6. “The Answer” (from Generator)
7. “Flat Earth Society” (from Against the Grain)
8. “Against The Grain” (from Against the Grain)
9. “Generator” (from Generator)
10. “Anesthesia” (from Against the Grain)
11. “Suffer” (from Suffer)
12. “Faith Alone” (from Against the Grain)
13. “No Control” (from No Control)
14. “21st Century Digital Boy” (from Against the Grain)
15. “Atomic Garden” (from Generator)
16. “No Direction” (from Generator)
17. “Automatic Man” (from No Control)
18. “Change Of Ideas” (from No Control)
19. “Sanity” (from No Control)
20. “Walk Away” (from Against the Grain)
21. “Best For You” (from Suffer)
22. “Fuck Armageddon This Is Hell” (Live Version) (from How Could Hell Be Any Worse?)

Unit Generators (or ugens) are the basic formal unit in many MUSIC-N-style computer music programming languages. They are sometimes called opcodes (particularly in Csound), though this expression is not accurate in that these are not machine-level instructions.

Unit Generators form the building blocks for designing synthesis and signal processing algorithms in software. For example, a simple unit generator called OSC could generate a sinusoidal waveform of a specific frequency (given as an input or argument to the function or class that represents the unit generator). ENV could be a unit generator that delineates a breakpoint function. Thus ENV could be used to drive the amplitude envelope of the oscillator OSC through the equation OSC*ENV. Unit generators often use predefined arrays of values for their functions (which are filled with waveforms or other shapes by calling a specific generator function).

The Unit Generator theory of sound synthesis was first developed and implemented by Max Mathews and his colleagues at Bell Labs in the 1950s.

Pulse generators can either be internal circuits or pieces of electronic test equipment used to generate pulses.

Features

Simple pulse generators usually allow control of the pulse repetition rate (frequency), pulse width, delay with respect to an internal or external trigger and the high- and low-voltage levels of the pulses. More-sophisticated pulse generators may allow control over the rise time and fall time of the pulses. Pulse generators may use digital techniques, analog techniques, or a combination of both techniques to form the output pulses. For example, the pulse repetition rate and duration may be digitally controlled but the pulse amplitude and rise and fall times may be determined by analog circuitry in the output stage of the pulse generator. With correct adjustment, pulse generators can also produce a 50% duty cycle square wave. Pulse generators are generally single-channel providing one frequency, delay, width and output. To produce multiple pulses, these simple pulse generators would have to be ganged in series or in parallel.

A new family of pulse generators can produce multiple-channels of independent widths and delays and independent outputs and polarities. Often called digital delay/pulse generators, the newest designs even offer differing repetition rates with each channel. These digital delay generators are useful in synchronizing, delaying, gating and triggering multiple devices usually with respect to one event.

Pulse generators are generally voltage sources, with true current pulse generators being available only from a few suppliers.

Applications

These pulses can then be injected into a device under test and used as a stimulus or clock signal or analyzed as they progress through the device, confirming the proper operation of the device or pinpointing a fault in the device. Pulse generators are also used to drive devices such as switches, lasers and optical components, modulators, intensifiers as well as resistive loads.

The output of a pulse generator may also be used as the modulation signal for a signal generator.

Personal Development Planning refers to the creation of an action plan based on a reflection of your personal, career and academic objectives.

In addition to a PDP, this reflection are typically a CV and a portfolio containing evidence of the skills gathered over a particular timeframe. It is presumed in education that undertaking PDP will assist in creating self-directed independent learners who are more likely to progress to higher levels of academic attainment.

External links

• QAA Guidleines for Progress Files
• ISLE Project
• PDP at Bell College

In medicine, a person’s pulse is the throbbing of their arteries as an effect of the heart beat. It can be felt at the neck (carotid artery), at the wrist (radial artery), behind the knee (Popliteal artery), on the inside of the elbow (Brachial artery), near the ankle joint (Posterior Tibial artery), and a few other places.

Pressure waves move the artery walls, which are pliable; these waves are not caused by the forward movement of the blood. When the heart contracts, blood is ejected into the aorta and the aorta stretches. At this point the wave of distention (pulse wave) is pronounced but relatively slow-moving (3 to 6 m/s). As it travels towards the peripheral blood vessels, it gradually diminishes and becomes faster. In the large arterial branches, its velocity is 7 to 10 m/s; in the small arteries, it is 15 to 35 m/s. The pressure pulse is transmitted 15 or more times more rapidly than the blood flow.

The term pulse is also used, although incorrectly, to denote the frequency of the heart beat, usually measured in beats per minute. In most people, the pulse is an accurate measure of heart rate. Under certain circumstances, including arrhythmias, some of the heart beats are ineffective and the aorta is not stretched enough to create a palpable pressure wave. The pulse is too irregular and the heart rate can be (much) higher than the pulse rate. In this case, the heart rate should be determined by auscultation of the heart apex, in which case it is not the pulse. The pulse deficit (difference between heart beats and pulsations at the periphery) should be determined by simultaneous palpation at the radial artery and auscultation at the heart apex.

A normal pulse rate for a healthy adult, while resting, can range from 60 to 100 beats per minute (BPM). During sleep, this can drop to as low as 40 BPM; during strenuous exercise, it can rise as high as 200–220 BPM. Generally, pulse rates are higher in younger people. A resting heart rate for an infant is as high as or higher than an adult’s pulse rate during strenuous exercise.

Pulses are manually palpated with fingers. When palpating the carotid artery, the femoral artery or the brachial artery, the thumb may be used. However, the thumb has its own pulse which can interfere with detecting the patient’s pulse at other points, where two or three fingers should be used. Fingers or thumb must be placed near an artery and pressed gently against a firm structure, usually a bone, in order to feel the pulse.

An alternative way of finding the pulse rate is by palpating or listening to the heartbeat. This is most commonly done with the examiner’s palm or through a stethoscope. Before the invention of the stethoscope examiners would press their ear directly to the chest.

A collapsing pulse is a sign of hyperdynamic circulation.

Common pulse points

• radial pulse - located on the thumb side of the wrist (radial artery)
• ulnar pulse - located on the little finger side of the wrist (ulnar artery)
• carotid pulse - located in the neck (carotid artery). The carotid artery should be palpated gently. Stimulating its baroreceptors with vigorous palpitation can provoke severe bradycardia or even stop the heart in some sensitive persons. Also, a person’s two carotid arteries should not be palpated at the same time, to avoid a risk of fainting or brain ischemia.
• brachial pulse - located between the biceps and triceps, on the medial side of the elbow cavity frequently used in place of carotid pulse in infants (brachial artery)
• femoral pulse - located in the thigh (femoral artery)
• popliteal pulse - located behind the knee in the popliteal fossa, found by holding the bent knee. The patient bends the knee at approximately 120°, and the physician holds it in both hands to find the popliteal artery in the pit behind the knee.
• dorsalis pedis pulse - located on top of the foot (dorsalis pedis artery)
• tibialis posterior pulse - located in the back of the ankle behind the medial malleolus (posterior tibial artery).
• temporal pulse - located on the Temple (anatomy)|temple directly in front of the ear (superficial temporal artery)

The ease of palpability of a pulse is dictated by the patient’s blood pressure. If his or her systolic blood pressure is below 90 mmHg, the radial pulse will not be palpable. Below 80 mmHg, the brachial pulse will not be palpable. Below 60 mmHg, the carotid pulse will not be palpable. Since systolic blood pressure rarely drops that low, the lack of a carotid pulse usually indicates death. It is not unheard of, however, for patients with certain injuries, illnesses or other medical problems to be conscious and aware with no palpable pulse.

A test light, test lamp, or mains tester is a very simple piece of electronic test equipment used to determine the presence or absence of an electric voltage in a piece of equipment under test.

The test light is simply an electric lamp connected with one or two insulated wire leads. Often, it takes the form of a screwdriver with the lamp connected between the tip of the screwdriver and a single lead that projects out the back of the screwdriver. By connecting the flying lead to an earth (ground) reference and touching the screwdriver tip to various points in the circuit, the presence or absence of voltage at each point can be determined and simple faults detected and traced to their root cause.

For low voltage work (for example, in automobiles), the lamp used is usually a small, low-voltage incandescent light bulb. These lamps usually are designed to operate on approximately 12 V.

For line voltage (mains) work, the lamp is usually a small neon lamp connected in series with an appropriate ballast resistor. These lamps often can operate across a wide range of voltages from 90V up to several hundred volts. In some cases, several separate lamps are used with resistive voltage dividers arranged to allow additional lamps to strike as the applied voltage rises higher; with the lamps mounted in order from lowest voltage to highest, this minimal bar graph provides a crude indication of voltage.

References

See also

• Continuity tester
• Solenoid voltmeter

A convex combination is a linear combination of data points (which can be vectors, scalars, or more generally points in an affine space) where all coefficients are non-negative and sum up to 1. All possible convex combinations (given the base vectors) will be within the convex hull of the given datapoints. In fact, the set of all convex combinations constitutes the convex hull.

More formally, given some points <math>x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n\,</math> in a real vector space, a convex combination of these points is a point of the form

<math>\alpha_1x_1+\alpha_2x_2+\cdots+\alpha_nx_n</math>

where the real numbers <math>\alpha_i\,</math> satisfy <math>\alpha_i\ge 0 </math> and <math>\alpha_1+\alpha_2+\cdots+\alpha_n=1.</math>

As a particular example, any convex combination of two points will lie on the straight line segment between the points.

Related constructions

• Weighted means are functionally the same as convex combinations, but they use a different notation. The coefficients (weights) in a weighted mean are not required to sum to 1; instead the sum is explicitly divided from the linear combination.
• Affine combinations are like convex combinations, but the coefficients are not required to be non-negative. Hence affine combinations are defined in vector spaces over any field.

See also

• Carathéodory’s theorem (convex hull)
• convex hull

Self Control is a 1938 short animation film, featuring Donald Duck trying desperately to control one of his trademark traits: his temper.

The cartoon begins with Donald enjoying a leisurely day in his hammock, sipping lemonade and listening to soothing music on his radio. Then Smiling Uncle Smiley, a musical philosopher, comes on the radio to talk about the importance of self control, which can be mastered if you just “laugh and count to ten”.

Donald decides to take Uncle Smiley’s advice and keep his temper under control, but soon he is tested. A rascally woodpecker arrives and begins to slowly but surely irritate Donald through various ways. Though he tries hard to keep his temper, Donald in the end blows his lid and destroys his radio.

Shorepower (also known as Shore Supply, especially in the UK) is a land-based power source (usually an electric utility company, but also possibly a generator) which supplies power to a marine vessel when in harbour. This is the same as regular household electric power, but it is less common on boats than in homes, hence the distinctive name.

Boats that are not connected to shorepower may

• not need electrical power, or
• have batteries, recharged either by
  • a powered generator, perhaps connected to the vessel’s main engine(s), or
  • wind- or solar-powered recharging systems, or
  • other ways of recharging the batteries

Boats that are connected to shorepower only need sufficient battery capacity to last until the next shorepower connection.

Batteries on a vessel may be used to power an inverter capable of producing alternating current which can be used instead of the shorepower connection. Another way of providing AC without shorepower is to run a generator.

The Doctor of Modern Languages degree (D.M.L.), like other doctorates, is an academic degree of the highest level. It is similar to the Ph.D. and the Doctor of Arts degree in Foreign Languages.

Currently, the D.M.L. degree is unique to one school in the United States: Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont. The degree prepares teacher-scholars in two modern languages, with additional focus on their respective literatures and cultures. It is a flexible degree that encourages depth of research, but differs from the Ph.D. in the variety of subject matter studied as part of the doctoral thesis.

External links

• Middlebury College - Doctor of Modern Languages

is a Japanese game director, scenario writer, sound effects artist and game designer for Square Enix, and is most known for his work in the role-playing game series, Final Fantasy. He uses the pen name “Shiomi” when writing lyrics and the like.

Initially working in debugging and sound effects for the first three games of the Final Fantasy series, his work became prominent in Final Fantasy IV, when he created the long-time series staple, the Active Time Battle combat system. Afterwards, he served as a designer for a number of elements in the series, including the Job system in Final Fantasy V, the Esper system in Final Fantasy VI, and the Junction system and the Triple Triad card game in Final Fantasy VIII. He also served as a co-director of Final Fantasy VI with Yoshinori Kitase as well as the director of Final Fantasy IX.

One of his latest roles was to replace Yasumi Matsuno as a director for Final Fantasy XII with Hiroshi Minagawa after he left the project.

Gameography:

• Rad Racer 2: Game designer
• Final Fantasy: Debugger
• Final Fantasy II: Debugger
• Makaitoushi SaGa: Scenario Writer
• Square’s Tom Sawyer: Game Designer
• Final Fantasy III: Sound Effects
• Final Fantasy IV: Battle Designer, Active Time Battle System Designer
• Final Fantasy V: Battle Designer, Job/Abilities System Designer
• Final Fantasy VI: Director (with Yoshinori Kitase), Esper System Designer
• Chrono Trigger: Event planner
• Final Fantasy Tactics: Game designer
• Final Fantasy VIII: Battle Designer, Junction system Designer, Card Game Designer, Chocobo World Designer
• Final Fantasy IX: Director, Melodies of Life lyrics (credited as Shiomi), Game designer, Tetramaster original concept
• Hataraku Chocobo: Game Designer
• Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories: Main Programmer
• Final Fantasy XII: Game Design Director
• Final Fantasy XII International Zodiac Job System: Director, Producer

Kallen may refer to a surname or a given name:

Surnames

• Arvid Emanuel Kallen
• Horace Kallen
• Jackie Kallen
• Kitty Kallen

Given names

• Kallen Esperian

See also

• Callen
• Kalen

A Cascade Converter is a type of motor-generator which was patented in 1902 by J. L. la Cour and O. S. Bragstad.

It consists of an induction motor driving a dynamo through a shaft. In addition, the rotor of the induction motor is electrically connected to the armature of the dynamo.

When the machine is running, half the power is transmitted mechanically through the shaft while the other half is transmitted electrically.

The advantage of this arrangement is that the machine can be smaller than a conventional motor-generator of the same power.

The British manufacturing rights for the Cascade Converter were held by Bruce Peebles & Co. Ltd. of Edinburgh.

Sources

• The Electrical Year Book 1937, published by Emmott and Company Limited, Manchester, England, pp 105-106

See also

• Rotary converter
• Rotary phase converter

Isometre is a music theory term describing the use of pulse without regular meter. See also: homorhythm.

A multivariate random variable or random vector is a vector X = (X₁, …, X_n) whose components are scalar-valued random variables on the same probability space (Ω, P). Every such random vector gives rise to a probability measure on Rⁿ with the Borel algebra as underlying sigma-algebra. This measure is also known as the joint distribution of the random vector. The distributions of each of the component random variables X_i are called marginal distributions.

Chaitin’s algorithm is a bottom-up, graph coloring register allocation algorithm that uses cost/degree as its spill metric. It is named after its designer, Gregory Chaitin. Chaitin’s algorithm was the first register allocation algorithm that made use of coloring of the interference graph for both register allocations and spilling.

Chaitin’s algorithm was presented on the 1982 SIGPLAN Symposium on Compiler Construction, and published in the symposium proceedings. It was extension of an earlier 1981 paper on the use of graph coloring for register allocation. Chaitin’s algorithm formed the basis of a large section of research into register allocators.

References

• Gregory Chaitin Register allocation and spilling via graph coloring

In medicine, a person’s pulse is the throbbing of their arteries as an effect of the heart beat. It can be felt at the neck (carotid artery), at the wrist (radial artery), behind the knee (Popliteal artery), on the inside of the elbow (Brachial artery), near the ankle joint (Posterior Tibial artery), and a few other places.

Pressure waves move the artery walls, which are pliable; these waves are not caused by the forward movement of the blood. When the heart contracts, blood is ejected into the aorta and the aorta stretches. At this point the wave of distention (pulse wave) is pronounced but relatively slow-moving (3 to 6 m/s). As it travels towards the peripheral blood vessels, it gradually diminishes and becomes faster. In the large arterial branches, its velocity is 7 to 10 m/s; in the small arteries, it is 15 to 35 m/s. The pressure pulse is transmitted 15 or more times more rapidly than the blood flow.

The term pulse is also used, although incorrectly, to denote the frequency of the heart beat, usually measured in beats per minute. In most people, the pulse is an accurate measure of heart rate. Under certain circumstances, including arrhythmias, some of the heart beats are ineffective and the aorta is not stretched enough to create a palpable pressure wave. The pulse is too irregular and the heart rate can be (much) higher than the pulse rate. In this case, the heart rate should be determined by auscultation of the heart apex, in which case it is not the pulse. The pulse deficit (difference between heart beats and pulsations at the periphery) should be determined by simultaneous palpation at the radial artery and auscultation at the heart apex.

A normal pulse rate for a healthy adult, while resting, can range from 60 to 100 beats per minute (BPM). During sleep, this can drop to as low as 40 BPM; during strenuous exercise, it can rise as high as 200–220 BPM. Generally, pulse rates are higher in younger people. A resting heart rate for an infant is as high as or higher than an adult’s pulse rate during strenuous exercise.

Pulses are manually palpated with fingers. When palpating the carotid artery, the femoral artery or the brachial artery, the thumb may be used. However, the thumb has its own pulse which can interfere with detecting the patient’s pulse at other points, where two or three fingers should be used. Fingers or thumb must be placed near an artery and pressed gently against a firm structure, usually a bone, in order to feel the pulse.

An alternative way of finding the pulse rate is by palpating or listening to the heartbeat. This is most commonly done with the examiner’s palm or through a stethoscope. Before the invention of the stethoscope examiners would press their ear directly to the chest.

A collapsing pulse is a sign of hyperdynamic circulation.

Common pulse points

• radial pulse - located on the thumb side of the wrist (radial artery)
• ulnar pulse - located on the little finger side of the wrist (ulnar artery)
• carotid pulse - located in the neck (carotid artery). The carotid artery should be palpated gently. Stimulating its baroreceptors with vigorous palpitation can provoke severe bradycardia or even stop the heart in some sensitive persons. Also, a person’s two carotid arteries should not be palpated at the same time, to avoid a risk of fainting or brain ischemia.
• brachial pulse - located between the biceps and triceps, on the medial side of the elbow cavity frequently used in place of carotid pulse in infants (brachial artery)
• femoral pulse - located in the thigh (femoral artery)
• popliteal pulse - located behind the knee in the popliteal fossa, found by holding the bent knee. The patient bends the knee at approximately 120°, and the physician holds it in both hands to find the popliteal artery in the pit behind the knee.
• dorsalis pedis pulse - located on top of the foot (dorsalis pedis artery)
• tibialis posterior pulse - located in the back of the ankle behind the medial malleolus (posterior tibial artery).
• temporal pulse - located on the Temple (anatomy)|temple directly in front of the ear (superficial temporal artery)

The ease of palpability of a pulse is dictated by the patient’s blood pressure. If his or her systolic blood pressure is below 90 mmHg, the radial pulse will not be palpable. Below 80 mmHg, the brachial pulse will not be palpable. Below 60 mmHg, the carotid pulse will not be palpable. Since systolic blood pressure rarely drops that low, the lack of a carotid pulse usually indicates death. It is not unheard of, however, for patients with certain injuries, illnesses or other medical problems to be conscious and aware with no palpable pulse.

RawVoice is a Podcasting media company founded by Todd Cochrane, Brian Yuhnke, Jeevan Padiyar, Barry R. Kantz and Angelo Mandato. RawVoice focuses on producing cutting edge content and services for Podcasting.

In early 2005, Todd Cochrane, the author of , host of the Geek News Central podcast, founder of Podcast Connect Inc., and founder of the Tech Podcasts network directory, expressed his idea on the Geek News Central podcast to put together a team to create a podcast news network. His call attracted a number of listerers including Brian Yuhnke, an expert in multimedia production, instructional technology, and cofounder of Spaceblue, and Jeevan Padiyar, a podcast enthusiast with previous business operations experience. Soon after, Brian recruited his friend Angelo Mandato, a web developer, programmer and cofounder of Spaceblue. Todd then recruited Barry R. Kantz, host of the Home Based Travel Agent podcast, a successful public administrator, and attorney with experience in business operations, facilities management, telecommunications, security, policy and contract drafting. By September, RawVoice was incorporated.

RawVoice products and services

Podcaster News Network (PCN) is a news network of podcasts. PCN’s mission is to build a nation wide independent news network that covers all major news categories in short (up to 5 minutes in length) podcasts produced by PCN’s network of content producers. Powered by the RawVoice Generator, PCN allows listeners to manage and download personalized podcast news shows using the Mycast feed customization technology.

The RawVoice Generator is the first turnkey podcasting solution and is the engine that drives the Podcaster News Network. The RawVoice Generator includes an easy to use web interface for managing programs and content. The RawVoice Generator makes it simple for podcasters by providing a one-screen podcast submission process. With one click of the submit button, a mp3 podcast is published with all the appropriate ID3 tags written, and the web site HTML and feeds ([RSS (file format)|RSS and XSPF) are updated. The RawVoice Generator allows listeners to manage and download personalized podcast programs using the Mycast feed customization technology. The RawVoice Generator is the ideal podcasting solution for schools, companies, colleges, and podcasting networks.

External links

• RawVoice homepage
• RawVoice Generator - Product information page
• Podcaster News Network homepage
• Blubrry podcast community

Fantasy name generators are programs that use a computer algorithm to create a fantasy name at random probability, usually for use in a role-playing game. They have been around since at least 1994. Early fantasy name generators often generated nonsense, creating names such as “Rsi’sskoo” or “Gbbtti”. Modern fantasy name generators are typically better at creating usable names.

Ten Chances is a pricing game on the American television game show The Price Is Right. Debuting on July 15, 1975, this game is played for a car and two additional prizes – one worth between $10 and $90, and another worth between $120 and $980.

Gameplay

The contestant is given ten chances in which to guess the prices of the three prizes, beginning with the least expensive. They are shown three digits, two of which are in the price of the first prize. The contestant writes their guess on the first of ten cards. If they are correct, the price is revealed, and they move on to the next prize. If they are not, they must write another price on the second card, and so on until they are correct.

For the second prize, the contestant is shown four digits, three of which are in the correct price. Play continues as with the first prize until they correctly guess the price. Finally, the contestant is shown five digits, all of which are in the price of the car. Again, they must write down the correct price with whatever chances they have left.

If the contestant has used all of their ten chances and has not correctly written the price of the car, they win any prizes that they have correctly priced to that point.

An unwritten rule since the early 1980s is that the prices of all prizes end in 0, except in the rare case that 0 is not one of the provided choices, in which case the last number is always 5. Many contestants do not take this rule into account, even after seeing the first two correct prices. In addition, contestants often attempt to use the same digit more than once in the same price. A contestant attempting to do so is usually corrected and allowed to rewrite an acceptable price.

Ten Chances originally had a 10-second time limit for each guess. While the rule has not actually been enforced since the early 1980s, the game is one in which contestants often take a long time to consult with the audience, and host Bob Barker often chided contestants that they would lose a turn if they did not start writing.

History

Ten Chances was originally played for four-digit cars, and five digits were given, with one unused digit.

See also

• The Price Is Right
• List of The Price Is Right pricing games

Carding may refer to :

• A carder is someone who “cards” or combs material in order to align the fibres as in carding wool. Carders used large steel combs, cards, to align the fibres of raw sheep fleeces to enable them to be further processed. This process combs out some of the dirt, organizes the fibers, and fluffs up the wool with air so the ’spinner’ can use it easily.

• A carder is a criminal who engages in carding, a form of identity theft. Carders use lists of credit and debit card information to perpetrate multiple acts of fraud (by web or by phone), by making purchases without the consent of the original cardholder.

Carders may obtain card numbers by various means:

• • Hacking servers operated by online merchants who store unencrypted card information.
  • Extracting card information from data keyed into consumer machines infected with a keystroke logging virus.
  • Trading or purchasing lists of cards from other online criminals.
  • Engaging in phishing scams to intercept card information.

Carders may also use card generators. These are programs that extrapolate sequences of potentially valid new card numbers from a single card that is known to be valid. Card generators are generally ineffective following the adoption of expiry, AVS, CVV and PIN validation.

Carders may also veer into other forms of identity theft, such as obtaining the credentials (username and password) of consumers with online payment accounts, such as PayPal.

Carding is a form of wire fraud, and is a federal offense in the United States.

A sex object could be either:

• an instance of sexual objectification
• a sex symbol
• a device used in sexual activity (e.g. condom)
• a device used to simulate sex (e.g. blow up doll or dildo), also known as a sex toy
• someone’s goal for “scoring” with
• a prostitute
• a pornographic actor
• In fiction, the use of an attractive woman as a distraction (a plot device)
• a 1986 song by Kraftwerk from their album “Electric Café”

In mathematics, the expressions generator, generate, generated by and generating set can have several closely related technical meanings:

• generating set of a group, a set of group elements which are not contained in any subgroup of the group other than the entire group itself. See also group presentation.
• generating set of a ring: A subset S of a ring A generates A if the only subring of A containing S is A itself.
• generating set of an ideal in a ring.
• generating set of an algebra: If A is a ring and B is an A-algebra, then S generates B if the only sub-A-algebra of B containing S is B itself.
• generating set of a topological algebra: S is a generating set of a topological algebra A if the smallest closed subalgebra of A containing S is A itself??
• Elements of the Lie algebra to a Lie group are sometimes referred to as generators of the group, especially by physicists. The Lie algebra can be thought of as generating the group at least locally by exponentiation, but the Lie algebra does not form a generating set in the strict sense.
• The generator of any continuous symmetry implied by Noether’s theorem; the generators of a Lie group being a special case. In this case, a generator is sometimes called a charge or Noether charge, in analogy to the electric charge being the generator of the U(1) symmetry group of electromagnetism. Thus, for example, the color charges of quarks are the generators of the SU(3) color symmetry in quantum chromodynamics. More precisely, though, the term “charge” should apply only the to root system of a Lie group.
• In stochastic analysis, the infinitesimal generator of an Itō diffusion or more general Itō process.
• In topology, a collection of sets which generate the topology is called a subbase.
• In category theory there is also a notion of generator.

Usually the intended meaning will be clear from context.

This is a list of statoids that changed their name over the course of history.

India

• Assam → Asom (changed 2006)

Indonesia

• D.I. Aceh → Nanggröe Aceh Darussalam
• Irian Jaya → Papua

A pulse tube cryocooler is a device which provides refrigeration to cryogenic temperatures. It is a closed system that uses an oscillating pressure at one end to generate an oscillating gas flow in the rest of the system. This gas flow can carry heat away from a low temperature point if the conditions are right. The prime advantage of pulse tube cryocoolers over Stirling cryocoolers is that they have no moving parts in the low temperature region.

Pulse tubes are a developing technology. They have been used extensively in industrial applications such as semiconductor fabrication and in military applications such as for the cooling of infrared sensors.<ref>Development of the Pulse Tube Refrigerator as an Efficient and Reliable Cryocooler (2000)</ref> Pulse tubes are also being developed for use in the cooling of astronomical detectors where liquid cryogens are typically used, such as the Atacama Cosmology Telescope.<ref>About ACT (official site)</ref> Pulse tubes will be particular useful in space-based telescopes where it is not possible to replenish the cryogens once they have been depleted. It has also been suggested that pulse tubes could be used to liquefy oxygen on Mars.<ref>Pulse Tube Oxygen Liquefier</ref> The ice cream manufacturer Ben and Jerry’s has invested in pulse tube development and currently uses them to cool their product, as the technology provides an environmentally clean alternative to the chemicals used in conventional freezers.<ref>Chilling at Ben & Jerry’s : Cleaner, Greener</ref>

See also

• Cryocooler

References

<references/>

External links

• A Short History of Pulse Tube Refrigerators (NASA)
• SHI Cryogenics Group Home

In poker, the strength of a hand (how likely it is to be the best according to the rules of the game being played) is often called its value; however, in the context of poker strategy the term is more often used to describe a betting tactic, a bet for value. This bet (or raise) is intended to increase the size of the pot, by inducing opponents to call. A bet for value is in contrast to a bluff or a protection bet (though some bets may have a combination of these motives).

For a bet for value to be correct, a player must have a positive expectation, that is, he will win more than one bet for every bet he puts in the pot. Note that pot odds do not matter in this situation, because the factor here is whether it is more profitable to raise or call, rather than to call or fold. Betting for value can apply to both made hand and drawing hand situations, although in the latter situation it is less often correct, as the drawing hand’s chances of winning are generally lower. Many made hands will win the pot more than 50% of the time, therefore a value bet is usually correct, even heads up.

For example, in a game of Texas hold ‘em, a player has 8♣ 6♠ with a flop of 9♥ 7♦ 2♣, The player has an open-ended straight draw and so has 8 outs (four 10s and four 5s). With 47 unknown cards, the player will make the straight approximately 1 time for every 5 times he doesn’t, thus a bet is profitable if 6 or more of his opponents will call the bet (he will win once (+6 bets) and lose 5 times (-5 bets), out of every 6 hands like this, resulting in an expectation of +1 bet). If he thinks that less than 6 opponents will call the bet, he would lose money and must simply call.

See also

• Poker strategy
• Betting (poker)

The loop braid group is a mathematical group structure that is used in some models of theoretical physics to model the exchange of particles with loop-like topologies within three dimensions of space and time.

The basic operations which generate a loop braid group for n loops are exchanges of two adjacent loops, and passing one adjacent loop through another. The topology forces these generators to satisfy some relations, which determine the group.

To be precise, the loop braid group on n loops is defined as the motion group of n disjoint circles embedded in a compact three dimensional “box” diffeomorphic to the three dimensional disk. A motion is a loop in the configuration space, which consists of all possible ways of embedding n circles into the 3-disk. This becomes a group in the same way as loops in any space can be made into a group; first, we define equivalence classes of loops by letting paths g and h be equivalent iff they are related by a (smooth) homotopy, and then we define a group operation on the equivalence classes by concatenation of paths. Dahm was able to show that there is an injective homomorphism from this group into the automorphism group of the free group on n generators, so it is natural to identify the group with this subgroup of the automorphism group (described in a paper by Goldsmith). One may also show that the loop braid group is isomorphic to the welded braid group, as is done for example in a paper by Baez, Crans, and Wise, which also gives some presentations of the loop braid group using the work of Lin.

See also

• Braid group

External links

• Braids and Loop Braids

Pulse-position modulation is a form of signal modulation in which M message bits are encoded by transmitting a
single pulse in one of <math>2^M</math> possible time-shifts. This is repeated every T seconds, such that
the transmitted bit rate is M/T bits per second. It is primarily useful for optical communications systems, where
there tends to be little or no multipath interference.

Synchronization

One of the key difficulties of implementing this technique is that
the receiver must be properly synchronized to align the local clock with the beginning of each symbol.
Therefore, it is often implemented differentially as Differential Pulse-position modulation, whereby each
pulse position is encoded relative to the previous pulse, such that the receiver must only measure the difference in the arrival time of successive pulses. It is possible to limit the propagation of errors to adjacent symbols, so that
an error in measuring the differential delay of one pulse will affect only two symbols, instead of causing all successive measurements to be.

Sensitivity to Multipath Interference

Aside from the issues regarding receiver synchronization, the key disadvantage of PPM is that it is inherently
sensitive to multipath interference that arises in channels with frequency-selective fading, whereby the receiver’s signal contains one or more echoes of each transmitted pulse.
Since the information is encoded in the time of arrival (either differentially, or relative to a common clock), the presence
of one or more echoes can make it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to accurately determine the correct
pulse position corresponding to the transmitted pulse.

Non-coherent Detection

One of the principle advantages of Pulse Position Modulation is that it is an M-ary modulation technique
that can be implemented non-coherently, such that
the receiver does not need to use a Phase-locked loop (PLL) to track the phase of the carrier. This makes it
a suitable candidate for optical communications systems, where coherent phase modulation and detection are difficult and extremely expensive. The only other common M-ary non-coherent modulation technique is M-ary Frequency Shift Keying,
which is the frequency-domain dual to PPM.

PPM vs. M-FSK

PPM and M-FSK systems with the same bandwidth, average power, and transmission rate of M/T bits per second have identical performance in an AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel. However, their performance differs greatly when comparing frequency-selective and frequency-flat fading channels. Whereas frequency-selective fading produces echoes that are highly disruptive for any of the M time-shifts used to encode PPM data, it selectively disrupts only some of the M possible frequency-shifts used to encode data for M-FSK. Conversely, frequency-flat fading is more disruptive for M-FSK than PPM, as all M of the possible frequency-shifts are impaired by fading, while the short duration of the PPM pulse means that only a few of the M time-shifts are heavily impaired by fading.

Optical communications systems (even wireless ones) tend to have weak multipath distortions, and PPM is a viable modulation scheme in many such applications.

Applications for RF Communications

Narrowband RF (Radio Frequency) channels with low power and long wavelengths (i.e., low frequency) are affected primarily by flat
fading, and PPM is better suited than M-FSK to be used in these scenarios.
One common application with these channel characteristics is the radio control of model aircraft, boats and cars. PPM
is employed in these systems, with the position of each pulse representing the angular position of an analogue control on the transmitter, or possible states of a binary switch. The number of pulses per frame gives the number of controllable channels available. The advantage of using PPM for this type of application is that the electronics required to decode the signal are extremely simple, which leads to small, light-weight receiver/decoder units.
(Model aircraft require parts that are as lightweight as possible).
Servos made for model radio control include some of the electronics required to convert the pulse to the motor position - the receiver is merely required to demultiplex the separate channels and feed the pulses to each servo.

More sophisticated R/C systems are now often based on pulse-code modulation, which is more complex but offers greater flexibility and reliability.

Pulse position modulation is also used for communication to the ISO 15693 contactless Smart card as well as the HF implementation of the EPC Class 1 protocol for RFID tags.

See also

• Pulse-code modulation
• Pulse-amplitude modulation
• Pulse-width modulation
• Pulse-density modulation
• Ultra wideband

Alex Trandafir (born in Constanţa, Romania), better known by his stage name Tranda, is a hip-hop artist from Constanţa, Romania mainly known for his collaborations with fellow Constanţa rapper Criss Blazziny and ragga artist Skizzo Skillz.

Discography

• Repulse (2003)
• Operaţiunea Brasshit (2004)
• Rezoluţia (Resolution) (2005)

External links

• Tranda’s Pulse Records Official Website
• Tranda’s MySpace profile

Bosh may refer to:

People:

• Chris Bosh, a professional basketball player
• Bosh Pritchard (1919), former NFL running back
• The Dutch painter Hieronymus Bosch

Bosh may also refer to:

• Nonsense (from )
• Hard, fast Tech-house music. Originally championed by the likes of Eddie Halliwell
• Bidirectional-streams over synchronous http, a transport protocol that emulates bidirectional connections using multiple synchronous HTTP request/response pairs, defined by XEP-0124.
• The nonsense and whimsical writings of Edward Lear, such as the Book of Bosh
• A slang word meaning “hit”
• A slang word meaning “Sexual Intercourse”
• A common term used in the South Wales mining valleys for a Belfast sink usually found outside on the Bailey or in a skullery

See also

• Bosch
• Bausch & Lomb

Pulse-density modulation, or PDM, is a form of modulation used to represent an analog signal in the digital domain. In a PDM signal, specific amplitude values are not encoded into pulses as they would be in PCM. Instead it is the relative density of the pulses that corresponds to the analog signals amplitude. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is the special case of PDM where all the pulses corresponding to one sample are contiguous in the digital signal.

Basics

In a pulse-density modulation bitstream a 1 corresponds to a pulse of positive polarity (+A) and a 0 corresponds to a pulse of negative polarity (-A). Mathematically, this can be represented as:

<math> x[n] = -A (-1)^{a[n]} \ </math>

where x[n] is the bipolar bitstream (either -A or +A) and a[n] is the corresponding binary bitstream (either 0 or 1).

A run consisting of all 1’s would correspond to the maximum (positive) amplitude value, all 0’s would correspond to the minimum (negative) amplitude value, and alternating 1’s and 0’s would correspond to a zero amplitude value. The continuous amplitude waveform is recovered by low-pass filtering the bipolar PDM bitstream.

Analog-to-digital conversion

A PDM bitstream is encoded from an analog signal through the process of delta-sigma modulation. This process uses a one bit quantizer that produces either a 1 or 0 depending on the amplitude of the analog signal. A 1 or 0 corresponds to a signal that is all the way up or all the way down, respectively. Because in the real world analog signals are rarely all the way in one direction there is a quantization error, the difference between the 1 or 0 and the actual amplitude it represents. This error is fed back negatively in the ΔΣ process loop. In this way every error successively influences every other quantization measurement and its error. This has the effect of averaging out the quantization error.

Digital-to-analog conversion

The process of decoding a PDM signal into an analog one is amazingly simple. One only has to pass that signal through an analog low-pass filter. This works because the function of a low-pass filter is essentially to average the signal. The density of pulses is measured by the average amplitude of those pulses over time, thus a low pass filter is the only step required in the decoding process.

Examples/algorithm

A single period of the trigonometric sine function, sampled 100 times and represented as a PDM bitstream, is:

0101011011110111111111111111111111011111101101101010100100100000010000000000000000000001000010010101

Two periods of a higher frequency sine wave would appear as:
0101101111111111111101101010010000000000000100010011011101111111111111011010100100000000000000100101
or

In pulse-density modulation, a high density of 1’s occurs at the peaks of the sine wave, while a low density of 1’s occurs at the troughs of the sine wave.

The following algorithm can be used to replicate the above examples.

 //Produce s samples of p periods of a sine wave
 function sample(int s, int p)
   s := s - 1
   var real ω := p × π × 2 ÷ s
   var real[0..s] pcm
   for i from 0 to s
       pcm[i] := sin(ω × i)
   return pcm

 //Encode samples into pulse-density modulation
 //using naive noise shaping
 function encode(real[0..s] pcm)
   var int[0..s] pdm
   var real r := 1
   for i from 0 to s
       r := pcm[i] - r
       if r > 0
           pdm[i] := 1
           r := 1 - r
       else
           pdm[i] := 0
           r := -1 - r
   return pdm

Applications

PDM is the encoding used in Sony’s Super Audio CD (SACD) format, under the name Direct Stream Digital.

1. REDIRECT: Pulse-density modulation
   

In measurement systems differential linearity refers to a constant relation between the change in the output and input. For transducers if a change in the input produces a uniform step change in the output the tranducer possess differential linearity. Differential linearity is desirable and is inherent to a system such as a single-slope Analog to digital convertor used in nuclear instrumentation.

The currency band is a system of exchange rates by which a floating currency is backed by hard money.

A country selects a range, or “band”, of values at which to set their currency, and returns to a fixed exchange rate if the value of their currency shifts outside this band. This allows for some revaluation, but tends to stabilize the currency’s value within the band. In this sense, it is a compromise between a fixed (or “pegged”) exchange rate and a floating exchange rate. For example, the exchange rate of the renminbi of the mainland of the People’s Republic of China has recently been based upon a currency band.

For the Sleater-Kinney album, see One Beat.

The one beat or “down beat” is the starting beat or pulse in music. Musicians use the one beat to know where music phrases and measures begin and end and loop back to the one beat. When directing, the first beat is always when your hand/conducting instrument is thrust downward.

Fantasy name generators are programs that use a computer algorithm to create a fantasy name at random probability, usually for use in a role-playing game. They have been around since at least 1994. Early fantasy name generators often generated nonsense, creating names such as “Rsi’sskoo” or “Gbbtti”. Modern fantasy name generators are typically better at creating usable names.

Femtochemistry is the science that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10^–15 seconds (this is one femtosecond, hence the name).

In 1999, Ahmed H. Zewail received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his pioneering work in this field.

Zewail’s technique uses flashes of laser light that last for a few femtoseconds. Femtochemistry is the area of physical chemistry that addresses the short time period in which chemical reactions take place and investigates why some reactions occur but not others. Zewail’s picture-taking technique made possible these investigations. One of the first major discoveries of femtochemistry was to reveal details about the intermediate products that form during chemical reactions, which cannot be deduced from observing the starting and end products. Many publications have discussed the possibility of controlling chemical reactions by this method, but this remains controversial.

The simplest approach and still one of the most common techniques is known as pump-probe spectroscopy. In this method, two or more optical pulses with variable time delay between them are used to investigate the processes happening during a chemical reaction. The first pulse (pump) initiates the reaction, by breaking a bond or exciting one of the reactants. The second pulse (probe) is then used to interrogate the progress of the reaction a certain period of time after initiation. As the reaction progresses, the response of the reacting system to the probe pulse will change. By continually scanning the time delay between pump and probe pulses and observing the response, workers can follow the progress of the reaction in real time.

External links

• The 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, article on nobelprize.org

Ten Chances is a pricing game on the American television game show The Price Is Right. Debuting on July 15, 1975, this game is played for a car and two additional prizes – one worth between $10 and $90, and another worth between $120 and $980.

Gameplay

The contestant is given ten chances in which to guess the prices of the three prizes, beginning with the least expensive. They are shown three digits, two of which are in the price of the first prize. The contestant writes their guess on the first of ten cards. If they are correct, the price is revealed, and they move on to the next prize. If they are not, they must write another price on the second card, and so on until they are correct.

For the second prize, the contestant is shown four digits, three of which are in the correct price. Play continues as with the first prize until they correctly guess the price. Finally, the contestant is shown five digits, all of which are in the price of the car. Again, they must write down the correct price with whatever chances they have left.

If the contestant has used all of their ten chances and has not correctly written the price of the car, they win any prizes that they have correctly priced to that point.

An unwritten rule since the early 1980s is that the prices of all prizes end in 0, except in the rare case that 0 is not one of the provided choices, in which case the last number is always 5. Many contestants do not take this rule into account, even after seeing the first two correct prices. In addition, contestants often attempt to use the same digit more than once in the same price. A contestant attempting to do so is usually corrected and allowed to rewrite an acceptable price.

Ten Chances originally had a 10-second time limit for each guess. While the rule has not actually been enforced since the early 1980s, the game is one in which contestants often take a long time to consult with the audience, and host Bob Barker often chided contestants that they would lose a turn if they did not start writing.

History

Ten Chances was originally played for four-digit cars, and five digits were given, with one unused digit.

See also

• The Price Is Right
• List of The Price Is Right pricing games

The Secret Town is a series of fantasy novels by Vadim Panov. There are now 13 books of this line.

Books

• Wars Are Started by Losers
• Commander of War
• Attack by Rules
• All Shades of Black
• There Are Heroes in Hell
• The Concubines of Hate
• The Chrysalis of Last Hope
• The Shadow of Inquisitor
• The Chair of Wanderers
• The Rules of Blood
• The Royal Cross
• The King of Mountain
  
• The Day of the Dragon

External links

• Official Russian site.

Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) is effectively the means by which Canadians may claim depreciation expense. Depreciable items are deemed to belong to different classes which depreciate at different rates and are subject to different rules. For the most common classes the value of all assets belonging to that class are accumulated in a pool, and the designated percentage for that class may be claimed on the balance in that class at the end of the taxation year. To prevent a flurry of tax motivated purchases in the dying days of a taxation year only half of net additions to the class are considered purchased in the year for purposes of the current year’s calculation.

Some examples of asset classes are,

Class 1(Rate 4%): Buildings acquired after 1987
Class 3(Rate 5%): Building acquired before 1987
Class 8(Rate 20%): Assets not included in other classes
Class 10(Rate 30%): Cars costing less than 30 000
Class 12(Rate 100%): Small equipment and tools costing less than 500
Class 13:(no specific rate): Improvements made to leased premises
Class 14:(no specific rate): Franchises, Concessions, and Licences
Class 17(Rate 8%): Parking lots
Class 43(Rate 30%): Machinery and equipment used for production
Class 45(Rate 45%): Patents acquired after April 26, 1993
Class 46(Rate 30%): Database and network equipment

In contrast to the practice followed in the United States for depreciation there is no penalty for failing to claim Capital Cost Allowance. Where a taxpayer claims less than the amount of CCA to which he is entitled the pool remains intact, and available for claims in future years. Unclaimed amounts are not subject to recapture.

1. Redirect Rise of the New Imperialism
   

Like any other medieval city Tallinn (Reval) gathered legends around and of itself.

Reval

One of the defensive towers in the town wall that surrounds old Tallinn is called Kiek in de Kök (Low German: “peek into the kitchen”). On its wall there is a sculpture which depicts a deerhunt on Toompea (German: Domberg), a district of old Reval. And that deerhunt gave the name Reval to the town according to a legend.

A Danish king Valdemar II was hunting for deer on Toompea. And he spotted a beautiful stag. The king really liked the animal and so he ordered it to be caught alive. But unfortunately the deer escaped and fell from a high limestone bank and broke its neck. In German, Reh-fall means “fall of a deer”. And that is where the name “Reval” has been derived from according to the legend.

The “deer-fall” legend is contradicted by documentary evidence. “Reval” is derived from the name of the adjacent ancient Estonian county of Revalia (Rävala), and the first recorded occurrences of that name predate the Danish king’s first visit to Estonia (1219) by several years.