Generators info

Gérard Mourou is a French pioneer in the field of electrical engineering and lasers. He invented a technique called chirped pulse amplification, or CPA, which was later used to create ultrashort-pulse, very high-intensity (terawatt) laser pulses. In 1994, it was discovered by Mourou and his team at University of Michigan that the balance between the self-focusing refraction (see Kerr effect) and self-attenuating diffraction by ionization and rarefaction of a laser beam of terawatt intensities in the atmosphere creates “filaments” which act as waveguides for the beam thus preventing divergence.

He is currently the director of the Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquee in France.

External links

• Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquee webpage

• Bio Page at University of Michigan

In computer based language recognition, ANother Tool for Language Recognition (ANTLR) is the name of a parser generator that uses LL(*) parsing. ANTLR is the successor to the Purdue Compiler Construction Tool Set (PCCTS), first developed in 1989, and is under active development. Its maintainer is professor Terence Parr of the University of San Francisco.

Given that ANTLR is in competition with LR parser generators, the alternative reading “ANT(i)-LR” may not be accidental.
ANTLR rules are expressed in a format deliberately similar to EBNF instead of the regular expression syntax employed by other parser generators.

At the moment, ANTLR supports generating code in the following languages: [[C++]], Java, Python, C#. ANTLR 3 is under a 3-clause BSD License.

For an introduction, see
the ANTLR tutorial at the University of Birmingham. For background on the theory, see articles from the ANTLR pages, e.g. an ANTLR journal paper.

Several plugins have been developed for the Eclipse development environment to support the ANTLR grammar. There is ANTLR Studio, a proprietary product, as well as the ANTLR plugin for Eclipse hosted on Sourceforge

See also

• JavaCC
• SableCC
• Modular Syntax Definition Formalism

External links

• ANTLR
• ANTLRWorks
• ANTLR Studio

For the plant genus, see Aristolochia

In the field of obstetrics, lochia is post-partum vaginal discharge, containing blood, mucus, and placental tissue. Lochia discharge typically continues for 4 to 6 weeks after childbirth and progresses through three stages.

Lochia rubra is the first discharge, red in color because of the large amount of blood it contains. It typically lasts no longer than 3 to 5 days after birth.

Lochia serosa is the term for lochia which has thinned and turned brownish or pink in color. It contains serous exudate, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and cervical mucus. This stage continues until around the tenth day after delivery.

Lochia alba is the name for lochia once it has turned whitish or yellowish-white. It typically lasts from the second through the third to sixth week after delivery. It contains fewer red blood cells and is mainly made up of leukocytes, epithelial cells, cholesterol, fat, and mucus.

Lochia generally has an odor similar to that of normal menstrual fluid. Any offensive odor indicates a possible infection and should be reported to a healthcare provider.

External links

• The duration of lochia

Corridors is a demo by British cinematic industrial black metal band The Axis of Perdition, self-released in 2002. According to the band, only 20 copies were released (presumably because the debut album followed soon, they didn’t distribute many demos)

The demo is actually a split CD with the group’s side project Pulsefear; a dark ambient project which pre-dates The Axis of Perdition. This project was put on hiatus for some time but work started again around the time of the second Axis of Perdition album.

Line up

• Michael Blenkarn - Guitar, Keys, Programming, Sampling, Ambient Discord
• Brooke Johnson - Vocal Corrosion, Industrial Bleakness, Bass, Further Guitar, Sampling

Track listing

1. Axis of Perdition - “To Walk the Corridors of Hell” - (7:17)
2. Axis of Perdition - “Chained in the Damnation Asylum” - (5:49)
3. Axis of Perdition - “Born Under the Knife, Live in Pain” - (6:04)
4. Pulse Fear - “A Figure In The Mist” - (5:27)
5. Pulse Fear - “Lighthouse” - (11:50)
6. Pulse Fear - “Embrasure Of The Dark Aspect” - (2:08)

American Society for Artificial Internal Organs (ASAIO) is an organization of individuals and groups that are interested in artificial internal organs and their development.

It supports research into artificial internal organs and holds an annual meeting, which attracts industry, researchers and government officials. ASAIO’s most heavily represented areas are nephrology, cardiopulmonary devices (artificial hearts, heart-lung machines) and biomaterials. It publishes a peer-reviewed publication, the ASAIO Journal, six times a year.

External links

• American Society for Artificial Internal Organs home page
• ASAIO Journal - home

Strictly speaking, penetration refers to a projectile entering a target without passing through it and perforation refers to a projectile completely passing through the target, but penetration is commonly used to refer to both.

Penetration into a semi-infinite or massive target refers to penetration (in the strict sense of the word) of targets so thick that the level of penetration is not affected by the target’s thickness. There is a transition region between semi-infinite penetration and perforation, in which the target is not perforated but the projectile, as it nears the back face of the target, meets reduced resistance and is capable of penetrating a greater distance than it would in a semi-infinite target. This effect is variously named the back or rear surface, plate, or face effect and is also present when perforation occurs.

A penetrating projectile may cause the target to break into multiple pieces, spewing from both the front and back of the target, themselves at high velocity. These pieces are collectively referred to as spall. Spall can even be generated if a perforation isn’t achieved (the projectile fails to pass through the target), generated instead by the shock wave generated by the impact of the projectile.

Bombs designed for great penetration into the earth or for perforation of hardened targets are known as bunker busters.

Q-switching, sometimes known as giant pulse formation, is a technique by which a laser can be made to produce a pulsed output beam. The technique allows the production of light pulses with extremely high (gigawatt) peak power, much higher than would be produced by the same laser if it were operating in a continuous wave (constant output) mode. Compared to modelocking, another technique for pulse generation with lasers, Q-switching leads to much lower pulse repetition rates, much higher pulse energies, and much longer pulse durations. Both techniques are sometimes applied at once .

Q-switching was first proposed in 1958 by Gordon Gould<ref> p. 93.</ref>, and independently discovered and demonstrated in 1961 or 1962 by R.W. Hellwarth and F.J. McClung using electrically switched Kerr cell shutters in a ruby laser.<ref>McClung, F.J. and Hellwarth, R.W.: “Giant optical pulsations from ruby”. Journal of Applied Physics 33 3, 828-829 (1962).</ref>

Principle of Q-switching

Q-switching is achieved by putting some type of variable attenuator inside the laser’s optical resonator. When the attenuator is functioning, light which leaves the gain medium does not return, and lasing cannot begin. This attenuation inside the cavity corresponds to a decrease in the Q factor or quality factor of the optical resonator. A high Q factor corresponds to low resonator losses per roundtrip, and vice versa. The variable attenuator is commonly called a “Q-switch”, when used for this purpose.

Initially the laser medium is pumped while the Q-switch is set to prevent feedback of light into the gain medium (producing an optical resonator with low Q). This produces a population inversion, but laser operation cannot yet occur since there is no feedback from the resonator. Since the rate of stimulated emission is dependent on the amount of light entering the medium, the amount of energy stored in the gain medium increases as the medium is pumped. Due to losses from spontaneous emission and other processes, after a certain time the stored energy will reach some maximum level; the medium is said to be gain saturated. At this point, the Q-switch device is quickly changed from low to high Q, allowing feedback and the process of optical amplification by stimulated emission to begin. Because of the large amount of energy already stored in the gain medium, the intensity of light in the laser resonator builds up very quickly; this also causes the energy stored in the medium to be depleted almost as quickly. The net result is a short pulse of light output from the laser, known as a giant pulse, which may have a very high peak intensity.

There are two main types of Q-switching:

Active Q-switching

Here, the Q-switch is an externally-controlled variable attenuator. This may be a mechanical device such as a shutter, chopper wheel or spinning mirror placed inside the cavity, or (more commonly) it may be some form of modulator such as an acousto-optic device or an electro-optic device — a Pockels cell or Kerr cell. The reduction of losses (increase of Q) is triggered by an external event, typically an electrical signal. The pulse repetition rate can therefore be externally controlled.

Modulators generally allow a faster transition from low to high Q, and provide better control. An additional advantage of modulators is that the rejected light may be coupled out of the cavity and can be used for something else. Alternatively, when the modulator is in its low-Q state, an externally-generated beam can be coupled into the cavity through the modulator. This can be used to “seed” the cavity with a beam that has desired characteristics (such as transverse mode or wavelength). When the Q is raised, lasing builds up from the initial seed, producing a Q-switched pulse that has characteristics inherited from the seed.

Passive Q-switching

In this case, the Q-switch is a saturable absorber, a material whose transmission increases when the intensity of light exceeds some threshold. The material may be an ion-doped crystal like , which is used for Q-switching of , a bleachable dye, or a passive semiconductor device. Initially, the loss of the absorber is high, but still low enough to permit some lasing once a large amount of energy is stored in the gain medium. As the laser power increases, it saturates the absorber, i.e., rapidly reduces the resonator loss, so that the power can increase even faster. Ideally, this brings the absorber into a state with low losses to allow efficient extraction of the stored energy by the laser pulse. After the pulse, the absorber recovers to its high-loss state before the gain recovers, so that the next pulse is delayed until the energy in the gain medium is fully replenished. The pulse repetition rate can only indirectly be controlled, e.g. by varying the laser’s pump power and the amount of saturable absorber in the cavity. Direct control of the repetition rate can be achieved by using a pulsed pump source as well as passive Q-switching.

Variants

• Jitter can be reduced by not reducing the Q by as much, so that a small amount of light can still circulate in the cavity. This provides a “seed” of light that can aid in the buildup of the next Q-switched pulse.
• Cavity dumping: The cavity end mirrors are 100% reflective, so that no output beam is produced when the Q is high. Instead, the Q-switch is used to “dump” the beam out of the cavity after a time delay. The cavity Q goes from low to high to start the laser buildup, and then goes from high to low to “dump” the beam from the cavity all at once. This produces a shorter output pulse than regular Q-switching. Electro-optic modulators are normally used for this, since they can easily be made to function as a near-perfect beam “switch” to couple the beam out of the cavity. The modulator that dumps the beam may be the same modulator that Q-switches the cavity, or a second (possibly identical) modulator. A dumped cavity is more complicated to align than simple Q-switching, and may need a control loop to choose the best time at which to dump the beam from the cavity.
• Regenerative amplification: In regenerative amplification, an optical amplifier is placed inside a Q-switched cavity. Pulses of light from another laser (the “master oscillator”) are injected into the cavity by lowering the Q to allow the pulse to enter and then increasing the Q to confine the pulse to the cavity where it can be amplified by repeated passes through the gain medium. The pulse is then allowed to leave the cavity via another Q switch.

Typical performance

A typical Q-switched laser (e.g. a Nd:YAG laser) with a resonator length of e.g. 10 cm can produce light pulses of several tens of nanoseconds duration. Even when the average power is well below 1 W, the peak power can be many kilowatts. Large-scale laser systems can produce Q-switched pulses with energies of many joules and peak powers in the gigawatt region. On the other hand, passively Q-switched microchip lasers (with very short resonators) have generated pulses with durations far below one nanosecond and pulse repetition rates from hundreds of hertz to several megahertz (MHz)

Applications

Q-switched lasers are often used in applications which demand high laser intensities in nanosecond pulses, such as dentistry, metal cutting or pulsed holography. Nonlinear optics often takes advantage of the high peak powers of these lasers, offering applications such as 3D optical data storage and 3D microfabrication. However, Q-switched lasers can also be used for measurement purposes, such as for distance measurements (range finding) by measuring the time it takes for the pulse to get to some target and the reflected light to get back to the sender.

Q-switched lasers are used to remove tattoos. They are used to shatter tattoo pigment into particles that are cleared by the body’s lymphatic system. Full removal takes an average of eight treatments, spaced at least a month apart, using different lasers for different colored inks.

See also

• Gain-switching
• Modelocking

References

<references />

Self-excitation is a method used by electrical generators to use some of the generator’s output to generate the magnetic field used by the generator. Instead of having large permanent magnets, self-excited generators have extra coils that either boost the generator’s permanent magnets or completely replace them.

This achieves two purposes:

• Reduces the physical size (or cost) of the generator.
• Provides a means to easily control (regulate) the generator’s output.

In category theory, the concept of an injective cogenerator is drawn from examples such as Pontryagin duality. Generators are objects which cover other objects as an approximation, and (dually) cogenerators are objects which envelope other objects as an approximation. When working with unfamiliar algebraic objects, one can use these to approximate with the more familiar.

More precisely:

• A generator of a category with a zero object is some object G so that every non-zero object H has some non-zero morphism f:G → H.

• A cogenerator is an object C such that every other nonzero object H has some nonzero morphism f:H → C. (Note the reversed order).

The abelian group case

Assuming one has a category like that of abelian groups, one can in fact form direct sums of copies of G until the morphism

f: Sum(G) →H

is surjective; and one can form direct products of C until the morphism

f:H→ Prod(C)

is injective.

For example, the integers are a generator of the category of abelian groups (since every abelian group is a quotient of a free abelian group). This is the origin of the term generator. The approximation here is normally described as generators and relations.

As an example of a cogenerator in the same category, we have Q/Z, the rationals modulo the integers, which is a divisible abelian group. Given any abelian group A, there is an isomorphic copy of A contained inside the product of |A| copies of Q/Z. This approximation is close to what is called the divisible envelope - the true envelope is subject to a minimality condition.

General theory

In topological language, we try to find covers of unfamiliar objects.

Finding a generator of an abelian category allows one to express every object as a quotient of a direct sum of copies of the generator. Finding a cogenerator allows one to express every object as a subobject of a direct product of copies of the cogenerator. One is often interested in projective generators (even finitely generated projective generators, called progenerators) and minimal injective cogenerators. Both examples above have these extra properties.

The cogenerator Q/Z is quite useful in the study of modules over general rings. If H is a left module over the ring R, one forms the (algebraic) character module H* consisting of all abelian group homomorphisms from H to Q/Z. H* is then a right R-module. Q/Z being a cogenerator says precisely that H* is 0 if and only if H is 0. Even more is true: the * operation takes a homomorphism

f:H → K

to a homomorphism

f*:K* → H*,

and f* is 0 if and only if f is 0. It is thus a faithful contravariant functor from left R-modules to right R-modules.

Every H* is very special in structure: it is pure-injective (also called algebraically compact), which says more or less that solving equations in H* is relatively straightforward. One can often consider a problem after applying the * to simplify matters.

All of this can also be done for continuous modules H: one forms the topological character module of continuous group homomorphisms from H to the circle group R/Z.

In general topology

The Tietze extension theorem can be used to show that an interval is an injective cogenerator in a category of topological spaces subject to separation axioms.

Pulse modulation involves modulating a carrier that is a train of regularly recurrent pulses. The modulation might vary; the amplitude, pulse amplitude modulation (PAM); the duration,
pulse width modulation (PWM); the presence of the pulses, pulse code modulation (PCM); the time delay between pulses in a sequence, pulse position modulation (PPM); or the relative density of the pulses, pulse density modulation (PDM). Although pulse modulation transmits digital instead of analog signals, the modulating wave is continuous.

Scintillation is a fluctuation in the amplitude of a target on a radar display. It is closely related to target glint, or wander, an apparent displacement of the target from its mean position. This effect can be caused by a shift of the effective reflection point on the target, but has other causes as well. The fluctuations can be slow (scan-to-scan) or rapid (pulse-to-pulse).

It appears especially at seaside level.

Scintillation and glint are actually two manifestations of the same phenomenon and are most properly linked to one another in target modeling.

References

In general, detection is the extraction of intelligence from a carrier signal in a communication system. Note that this may be either an overt signal, as in a conventional radio broadcast, or a covert signal, as in steganography.

In opto-electronic systems, the generation of an electrical signal in response to a received optical input. For example, the optical signal received from an optical fiber is converted to an electrical signal in a detector, often by a photodiode.

In radio systems, the extraction of an AM signal from its carrier frequency.

In steganography, attempts to detect encoded intelligence from suspected carrier material is referred to as steganalysis. Steganalysis has an interesting difference from most other types of detection, in that it can often only produce the probability of the existence of payload material encoded in the carrier; this is in contrast to the detection of signals which are simply encrypted, as the ciphertext can often be detected with certainty, even if it cannot be decoded.

The art of detection, also known as following clues, is the work of any detective.

• http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~tlai/DOtemp.pdf

Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) is a high-precision long distance time and frequency transfer mechanism used between time bureaux to determine and distribute time and frequency standards.

As of 2003 TWSTFT is being evaluated as an alternative to be used by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in the determination of International Atomic Time (TAI), as a complement to the current standard method of simultaneous observations of GPS transmissions.

External links

• TWSTFT page at the National Physics Laboratory
• Paper on TWSTFT compared with other time broadcast mechanisms
• NIST TWSTFT page

HappyDoc is a documentation generator for the Python programming language. It can produce code documentation in HTML, XML, SGML, or PDF, and is written by Doug Hellmann.

See also

• Comparison of documentation generators

External links

• HappyDoc

A pseudocount is a count added to observed data in order to change the probability in a model of those data, which is known not to be zero, to being negligible rather than being zero.

In any observed data set or sample there is the possibility, especially with low-probability events and/or small data sets, of a possible event not occurring. Its observed frequency is therefore 0, implying a probability of 0. This is an oversimplification and is often unhelpful, particularly in probability-based machine learning techniques such as artificial neural networks and hidden Markov models.
By artificially adjusting the probability of rare (but not impossible) events so those probabilities are not exactly zero, we avoid the zero-frequency problem.

The simplest approach is to add 1 to each observed number of events including the zero-count one. This is sometimes called “Laplace’s rule” (more formally known as Laplace’s rule of succession).
A more complex approach is to estimate the probability of the events from other factors and adjust accordingly. Neither approach is completely satisfactory and both are a bit of a fudge.

See also

• Principle of indifference
• prior probability
• offset
• substitution matrix
• n-gram

External links

• Pseudocounts
  • Bayesian interpretation of pseudocount regularizers

Arakor Nicodemus is a fictional wizard from the Fighting Fantasy gamebook series by Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone. He was one of the three pupils (including Gereth Yaztromo and Pen Ty Kora) of Vermithrax Moonchaser, the Grand Wizard of Yore. He lives in the world of Titan, in the city of Port Blacksand (otherwise known as the “City of Thieves”), under a bridge known as the Singing Bridge that crossed the Catfish River. He was saved from a curse, that was laid upon him by necromancers, by his friend and fellow pupil Pen Ty Kora some years ago. Though he is an irritable recluse to the locals, he is known to help those who seek his wisdom at times.

Kriya (in Sanskrit “action, deed, effort”) most commonly refers to a technique or practice within a yoga discipline, also the outward physical manifestations of awakened kundalini. Types of kriya may vary widely between different schools of yoga. Kriyas are the spontaneous movements resulting from the awakening of Kundalini energy. Certain kriyas eventually developed into the asanas of hatha yoga.

Kriya practices

Among the specific Kriya practices are:

Kriya Yoga:

• Kriya Yoga, a specific form of yoga revived in modern times by Lahiri Mahasaya and popularized in the West by Paramahansa Yogananda;

• Kriya yoga also refers to specific yoga practices taught in the Satyananda Yoga, lineage of Swami Satyananda;

• For the Kriya yoga utilized in Tibetan Buddhism, see Outer Tantras;

Other techniques:

• Sudarshan Kriya is a breathing process taught by Sri Sri Ravi Shankar;

• Techniques of Knowledge, a set of four kriyas taught by Prem Rawat;

• Yoga cleansing techniques described in the Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Main kriya cleansing techniques are:

1. neti,
2. nauli,
3. trataka,
4. kapalabhati,
5. dhauti and
6. basti.

() is a Japanese holding company that retains manufacturing companies of pressure transmitters, flowmeters, gas analyzers, controllers, inverters, pumps, generators, ICs, motors, and power equipments.

External links

• Fuji Electric Group

The Electronic Waste Recycling Fee is a fee imposed by the government of the state of California in the United States on new purchases of electronic products with viewable screens. It is one of the key elements of the Electronic Waste Recycling Act. Retailers submit the collected fees to the Board of Equalization.

Fees are collected for the following CEDs (Covered Electronic Devices):

• Televisions that contain cathode ray tubes.
• Computer monitors that contain cathode ray tubes or use liquid crystal displays.
• Laptop computers.
• “Bare” cathode ray tubes or any other product that contains a cathode ray tube.

In 2005, the California Board of Equalization charged the following fees:

(Viewable screen size measured diagonally)

• Greater than 4 inches and less than 15 inches—$6
• Equal to or greater than 15 inches and less than 35 inches—$8
• 35 inches and larger—$10

See also

• Waste legislation

References

• California State Board of Equalization -[1]

Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) is a type of Frequency Shift Keying modulation that utilizes a Gaussian filter to smooth positive/negative frequency deviations, which represent a binary 1 or 0. It is used by DECT, Bluetooth, Cypress WirelessUSB, Nordic Semiconductor and z-wave devices. For Bluetooth the minimum deviation is 115 kHz.

Generalization

In a GFSK modulator, everything is the same as a FSK modulator except that before the baseband pulses (-1, 1) go into the FSK modulator, it is passed through a gaussian filter to make the pulse smoother so to limit its spectral width. Gaussian filtering is one of the very standard ways for reducing the spectral width, it is called Pulse Shaping.

If we use -1 for fc-fd and 1 for fc+fd, once when we jump from -1 to 1 or 1 to -1, the modulated waveform changes rapidly, which introduces large out-of-band spectrum. If we change the pulse going from -1 to 1 as -1, -.98, -.93 ….. .96, .99, 1, and we use this smoother pulse to modulate the carrier, the out-of-band spectrum will be reduced. <ref>www.palowireless.com “GFSK Differences & Advantages over FSK Modulation”</ref>

The Fourier transform of a Gaussian curve results in a Gaussian curve.

References

Y-Gerät (Y-gadget) also known as Wotan was a radio navigation system used by the Luftwaffe in World War II to aid bomber navigation. It was preceded by the X-Gerät system.

As the British slowly gained the upper hand in the Battle of the beams, they started considering what the next German system would be like. With the standard beam systems clearly no longer of any use, some sort of entirely new system would have to be developed. It was thought that if they could defeat this new system, whatever it was, very quickly, the Germans would give up on the whole idea in frustration.

They soon started receiving intercepts referring to a new device known as Y-Gerät, which was also sometimes referred to as Wotan. R.V. Jones had long realized that the Germans used code names that were far too literal. Asking around he learned that Wotan was the name of a one-eyed God. Based on nothing more than this, he assumed that Y-Gerät used a single beam. From this they thought up systems that could use a single beam, and concluded that Wotan would have to be based on a distance-measurement system. Perhaps shockingly, the guess was exactly correct.

Y-Gerät used a single narrow beam from the ground station pointed over the target, broadcasting a series of “pulses”. A new piece of equipment in the bomber was required for the system to work; it received the pulses from the beam and immediately re-broadcast them, where they were picked up at the original station. By listening for the return pulses, the distance to the plane could be calculated with fairly good accuracy. The planes did not have to “fly the beam”, ground controllers would plot the position of the plane and give instructions over radio to correct their path. A downside was that only one plane could be guided at once.

The British were ready for this system even before it was used. As soon as they realized it was in use, they set their plan in motion: broadcasting random “return” pulses from BBC radio transmitters. The German ground stations received several pulses for every one sent, and had no idea which was the “real” one. They gave up on this system after only a few small raids, considering the British to be “way ahead” and any further radio navigation systems hopeless.

References

• Goebel, Greg. Battle of the Beams: Y-Geraet
• Jones, R. V. (1978). Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945. First published 1978 Hamish Hamilton. Coronet paperback edition 1979 ISBN 0-340-24169-1.

See also

• X-Gerät
• Knickebein
• List of World War II electronic warfare equipment

Mausumi Dikpati is a scientist at the High Altitude Observatory operated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research. She is the first person to predict, in March 2006, the strength and timing of the next solar cycle based on simulations of the physics of the solar interior. Dikpati’s prediction in early 2006 is that the next solar cycle (’Cycle 24′) will begin in late 2007 and be 30%-50% stronger than the previous cycle (’Cycle 23′).

Shintaro Takai is a video game director for Square Enix. He has been credited on the following titles during his employment with the company:

• Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII - (2006; as VFX Director)
• Final Fantasy X-2 — (2003; as Art Director)
• Unlimited SaGa — (2002; as Effects Design Supervisor)
• Final Fantasy X — (2001; as Battle Art Director)

External links

A steam generator is a device used to boil water to create steam. It may refer to:

• Boiler, a closed vessel in which water is heated under pressure
• Steam generator (nuclear power), a heat exchanger in a pressurized water reactor equipped nuclear power plant
• Steam generator (railroad), a device used in trains to provide heat to passenger cars.

In electronics (specifically, signal processing), half time usually refers to the time it takes for the amplitude of a pulse to drop from 100% to 50% of its peak value.

<math>t_{half}\;=\;t_2\;-\;t_1\,\!</math>

The term blind-baking (sometimes called “pre-baking”) refers to the process of baking a pie crust or other pastry without the filling.

Generally, the pie crust is lined with tin foil or parchment paper, then filled with dried peas, lentils, beans or other pulses, so that it will keep its shape when baking. Metal or ceramic pie weights are also used. After the pie crust is done, the pulses are replaced with the proper filling. Blind-baking is necessary if the pie filling can not be baked as long as the crust requires, or if the filling of the pie would make the crust too soggy if added immediately.

Blind-baking also helps to form a nice pastry case for the filling as it has already been partially formed from blind-baking.

External links

• Blind baking video

A Bipolar Violation, or BPV, is an error in the transmission of a T1 signal where two pulses of the same polarity occur without an intervening pulse of the opposite polarity.

T1 signals are transmitted using a scheme called Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI), where a ONE is represented by a pulse, and a ZERO is represented by no pulse. Pulses-which represent ones-always alternate in polarity, so that if, for example two positive pulses are received in succession, the receiver knows that one or more bits were either added or deleted from the original signal.

B8ZS coding is a scheme used in addition to AMI, which allows longer strings of consecutive zeroes to be transmitted.

A pulse tube cryocooler is a device which provides refrigeration to cryogenic temperatures. It is a closed system that uses an oscillating pressure at one end to generate an oscillating gas flow in the rest of the system. This gas flow can carry heat away from a low temperature point if the conditions are right. The prime advantage of pulse tube cryocoolers over Stirling cryocoolers is that they have no moving parts in the low temperature region.

Pulse tubes are a developing technology. They have been used extensively in industrial applications such as semiconductor fabrication and in military applications such as for the cooling of infrared sensors.<ref>Development of the Pulse Tube Refrigerator as an Efficient and Reliable Cryocooler (2000)</ref> Pulse tubes are also being developed for use in the cooling of astronomical detectors where liquid cryogens are typically used, such as the Atacama Cosmology Telescope.<ref>About ACT (official site)</ref> Pulse tubes will be particular useful in space-based telescopes where it is not possible to replenish the cryogens once they have been depleted. It has also been suggested that pulse tubes could be used to liquefy oxygen on Mars.<ref>Pulse Tube Oxygen Liquefier</ref> The ice cream manufacturer Ben and Jerry’s has invested in pulse tube development and currently uses them to cool their product, as the technology provides an environmentally clean alternative to the chemicals used in conventional freezers.<ref>Chilling at Ben & Jerry’s : Cleaner, Greener</ref>

See also

• Cryocooler

References

<references/>

External links

• A Short History of Pulse Tube Refrigerators (NASA)
• SHI Cryogenics Group Home

Rashid is an Arabic given name that means “rightly guided”.

• Ar-Rashid is one of the 99 Names of Allah
• Harun al-Rashid - a Caliph of Baghdad (lived 763-809)
• Haroon Rashid - Security Manager of Millennium Point in Birmingham, UK
• Harun al-Rashid (1135)- a Caliph of Baghdad (ruled 1135-1136)
• Karim Rashid, designer
• Rosetta is the anglicized of the city of Rashid in Egypt

See also

• Arabic name
• List of Arabic names

Corridors is a demo by British cinematic industrial black metal band The Axis of Perdition, self-released in 2002. According to the band, only 20 copies were released (presumably because the debut album followed soon, they didn’t distribute many demos)

The demo is actually a split CD with the group’s side project Pulsefear; a dark ambient project which pre-dates The Axis of Perdition. This project was put on hiatus for some time but work started again around the time of the second Axis of Perdition album.

Line up

• Michael Blenkarn - Guitar, Keys, Programming, Sampling, Ambient Discord
• Brooke Johnson - Vocal Corrosion, Industrial Bleakness, Bass, Further Guitar, Sampling

Track listing

1. Axis of Perdition - “To Walk the Corridors of Hell” - (7:17)
2. Axis of Perdition - “Chained in the Damnation Asylum” - (5:49)
3. Axis of Perdition - “Born Under the Knife, Live in Pain” - (6:04)
4. Pulse Fear - “A Figure In The Mist” - (5:27)
5. Pulse Fear - “Lighthouse” - (11:50)
6. Pulse Fear - “Embrasure Of The Dark Aspect” - (2:08)

In semi-Riemannian geometry, the Bel decomposition, taken with respect to a specific timelike congruence, is a way of breaking up the Riemann tensor of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold into four pieces. It was introduced in 1959 by the physicist Lluis Bel.

This decomposition is particularly important in general relativity. This is the four dimensional case of Lorentzian manifolds, for which there are only three pieces with particularly simple properties, which have individual physical interpretations.

See also

• electrogravitic tensor
• magnetogravitic tensor
• topogravitic tensor
• Ricci decomposition

Berkeley Yacc is a reimplementation of the Unix parser generator Yacc, originally written by Robert Corbett in 1990. It has the advantages of being written in ANSI C and being public domain software.

Installation

A very simple tutorial that explains how to compile and install Berkeley Yacc on Linux can be found here.

PRF is an acronym and can stand for:

• PRF-3, the call letters of the now defunct TV Tupi, Brazil’s first television station
• Pain Relief Foundation
• Password Request Form or Password Report Form in clinical trial
• Phenol Resorcinol Formaldehyde - A type of adhesive used for timber.
• Point Response Function - in observational astronomy
• Primitive recursive function - a class of functions which form an important building block on the way to a full formalization of computability
• Problem Report Form - in Auditing
• Pseudorandom function - An idealized cryptographic hash function
• Pulse Repetition Frequency - a characteristic of a radar transmitter
• Pennsylvania Renaissance Faire

Testa may also refer to the thick and hard outer protective shell of a seed.

Testa is an African, especially Eritrean and Ethiopian, martial art that emphasizes headbutting. Its basis is on real hand-to-hand combat techniques, although it is often practiced in the open as a dance. The system as adapted by Dennis Newsome includes kicks, punches, and limited grappling, but the emphasis is on headbutting, with the other techniques being used mainly to set-up headbutts. It is not unusual for testa practitioners to use so called “dirty techniques” such as eye-gouging and biting, although these are not taught nor practiced in the open. In traditional Testa, there is a sole focus on trapping and headbutting. There is no known historical documentation pertaining to Testa, only techniques taught from generation to generation.

Testa is also a common Italian last name

In plant structure, testa refers to the seed coat, the outer layer derived from the integument.[1]

Stanford Research Systems is a maker of general test and measurement instruments. The company was founded in 1980, is privately held, and is not affiliated with Stanford University.

Stanford Research Systems (SRS) manufactures all of their products at their Sunnyvale, California facility.
SRS produces scientific and engineering instruments for a number of different fields. Many of the products fall under the general category of “signal recovery.” These products are primarily sold to industry, university, and government labs, or sold as OEM components to other manufacturers.

Electronic Products

• Analog PID controllers
• Lock-in amplifiers
• Low-noise preamplifiers
• High voltage power supplies
• Gated integrators and boxcar averagers
• Synthesized function and clock generators
• Digital delay and pulse generators
• Frequency counters
• FFT spectrum analyzers
• LCR meters
• Thermocouple monitors
• Programmable filters
• Compact rubidium (atomic) frequency standards

Other Products

• Quartz Crystal Microbalances
• a melting point apparatus
• a nitrogen laser
• an optical chopper
• Vacuum gauges and controllers
• Residual Gas Analyzers (quadrupole mass spectrometers) and controllers
• Cryogenic temperature measurement instrumentation

External links

• Stanford Research Systems

For the Sleater-Kinney album, see One Beat.

The one beat or “down beat” is the starting beat or pulse in music. Musicians use the one beat to know where music phrases and measures begin and end and loop back to the one beat. When directing, the first beat is always when your hand/conducting instrument is thrust downward.

In ultrafast optics, spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER) is an ultrashort pulse measurement technique.

The basics

SPIDER is an interferometric ultrashort pulse measurement technique in the frequency domain based on spectral shearing interferometry. Spectral shearing interferometry is similar in concept to intensity autocorrelation except that, instead of gating a pulse with a time-shifted copy of itself, a pulse is interfered with a frequency-shifted or spectrally sheared copy of itself. Because even the fastest detectors are unable to resolve ultrashort laser pulses, SPIDER uses nonlinear mixing as a combination of filters to generate a signal that can be measured by a slow detector.

Theory

There are two important specifications for filters: time/frequency response and amplitude/phase response. A filter is said to be time or frequency stationary if its output is unaffected by the time or frequency of the input. A filter can also be classified as amplitude-only or phase-only depending on its response to the amplitude or phase of the input. Because a time stationary filter and a frequency stationary filter can be combined to make a linear filter with any arbitrary response, both are a necessary and sufficient requirement for the measurement of the electric field of an input pulse.

In a basic spectral shearing interferometer, the input beam is split into two identical pulses, sending one through a linear spectral phase modulator:

<math> \tilde{S}_l^P(\omega,\tau)=\exp(j\tau\omega) </math>

while the other is sent through a linear temporal phase modulator:

<math> N_l^P(t,\Omega)=\exp(-j\Omega t) </math>

The two pulses are then recombined and sent through a spectrometer:

<math> \tilde{S}^A(\omega-\omega_c)=\exp \left [\frac{-(\omega-\omega_c)^2}{2\gamma^2} \right ] </math>

The linear spectral phase modulator is a time stationary, phase-only filter and adds spectral shear to pulses in its arm of the interferometer. The linear temporal phase modulator is frequency stationary, phase-only filter which adds temporal delay to the pulse in its arm. The spectrometer in which the pulses are recombined is a time stationary, amplitude-only filter which resolves with pass-band γ and center frequency ω_c.

In this setup, the pulse through the temporal phase arm has its spectrum shifted by a spectral shear of Ω. In order to exactly measure a pulse, the field must be sampled by a certain number of spectrally sheared components. This sampling requirement is determined by the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. If the function has compact support on the interval τ_N, then it is completely determined by giving its values at a series of frequencies 2π/τ_N apart. This means that the spectral shear that needs to be generated by the SPIDER is Ω = 2π/τ_N.

The pulse through the spectral arm acquires a time-delay of τ. The recombination of the pulses from the two arms is then resolved by the spectrometer which produces a signal

<math>S(\omega_c;\Omega,\tau) = \int \left \{ \tilde{S}^A(\omega-\omega_c) \cdot \left [ \int N_l^P(\omega’-\omega) \tilde{E}(\omega)d\omega’ + \tilde{S}_l^P(\omega) \tilde{E}(\omega) \right ] \right \}^2 d\omega </math>

containing the spectrometer function, which can be approximated by a delta function due to its pass-band, γ, being so much narrower than the spectrum of the input pulse. In addition, because the spectral and temporal delays are fixed, the only remaining variable is the center frequency, ω_c, of the spectrometer. The resulting signal

<math>S(\omega_c) = \left \{ \left | \tilde{E}(\omega_c - \Omega) \right |^2 + \left | \tilde{E}(\omega_c) \right |^2 + 2 \left | \tilde{E}(\omega_c-\Omega)\tilde{E}(\omega_c) \right |\cos \left [ \phi_{\omega}(\omega_c-\Omega)-\phi_{\omega}(\omega_c)-\tau\omega_c \right ] \right \} </math>

contains the spectrum of the input pulse, the spectrum of the sheared pulse, and the phase difference between the frequency components of the input pulse which were separated by the spectral shear.

The shearing interferogram created by this signal generally consists of fringes spaced at a frequency of 2π/τ. Deviations from the nominal fringe spacing can be analyzed to obtain the spectral phase of the field. The spectral amplitude must be obtained by a separate measurement of the pulse spectrum.

Experimental set-up

The two arms in a spectral shearing interferometer are implemented by means of a beam splitter (B), Diffraction grating (G), lens (L), Aperture (A), Charge-coupled device C, and a method for sum frequency generation (S).
These components make up the spectrometer and optical delay line.

References

Competing techniques

• Frequency-resolved optical gating
• Streak camera - not a significant competitor. Streak cameras have picosecond response times.
• Spatially Encoded Arrangement for SPIDER (For measuring few-cycle optical pulses.
• MIIPS Multiphoton Intrapulse Interference Phase Scan, a method to characterize and manipulate the ultrashort pulse.

External link

• SPIDER page by Ian Walmsley (the inventor of SPIDER)
• Ultrafast Group, University of Oxford (Performs research into ulrafast pulse measurement techniques).
• Spatially encoded arrangement for SPIDER (for measuring few-cycle optical pulses.)

In cryptography, the shrinking generator is a form of pseudorandom number generator intended to be used in a stream cipher. It was published in 1993 by Don Coppersmith, Hugo Krawczyk and Yishay Mansour.

The shrinking generator uses two linear feedback shift registers. One, called the A sequence, generates output bits, while the other, called the S sequence, controls their output. Both A and S are clocked; if the S bit is 1, then the A bit is output; if the S bit is 0, the A bit is discarded, nothing is output, and we clock the registers again. This has the disadvantage that the generator’s output rate varies irregularly, and in a way that hints at the state of S; this problem can be overcome by buffering the output.

Despite this simplicity, the shrinking generator has remained remarkably resistant to cryptanalysis; 12 years later, there are no known attacks that are feasible if the feedback polynomials are secret and both LFSRs are too long for exhaustive search.

An interesting variant is the self-shrinking generator.

A Plantation desk is an antique desk form. It is thought to have been originally used as a mail desk by postmen. The form has been known to have been used on Southern plantations in the United States, but it is not limited to them. For some time communities of Shakers in New England built a large version of this form of desk. It was quite popular in the 19th century.

Basically, the Plantation desk is a Fall front desk with a deeper stand or bottom part. The extra space or ledge of the bottom part of the desk serves as a support for the fall front, thus eliminating the need for retractable supports. Like a normal fall front desk the work surface must be cleared of all materials in order to raise it in a vertical position and thus close off the small drawers and pigeonholes set in front of the user.

While the fall front desk evolved from placing a chest, on its side, on a stand made for it, to its exact dimensions, as is the case with the Bargueno desk, the plantation desk form was born by placing such a chest, on its side, on a table a bit too deep for it. The fall front usually settles at a slight angle once it is open, in order to give a slanted work surface to the user.

Some plantation desks have two panel doors instead of a fall front and the ledge is hence much deeper since it serves as the main desktop surface.

See also the list of desk forms and types.

The VROOOM Sessions is an album of studio sessions and rehearsals by the band King Crimson, released through the King Crimson Collectors’ Club in December 1999.

• Recorded at Applehead Studios, Woodstock, USA.

Track listing

1. “Bass Groove” (Adrian Belew, Bill Bruford Robert Fripp, Trey Gunn, Tony Levin, Pat Mastelotto) - 4:34
   • Recorded April 21, 1994
2. “Fashionable” (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Gunn, Levin, Mastelotto) - 4:59
   • Recorded April 20, 1994
3. “Monster Jam” (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Gunn, Levin, Mastelotto) - 8:38
   • Recorded May 4, 1994
4. “Slow Mellow” (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Gunn, Levin, Mastelotto) - 2:57
   • Recorded April 26, 1994
5. “Krim 3″ (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Gunn, Levin, Mastelotto) - 3:20
   • Recorded April 26, 1994
6. “Funky Jam” (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Gunn, Levin, Mastelotto) - 4:57
   • Recorded May 4, 1994
7. “Bill and Tony” (Bruford, Levin) - 1:36
   • Recorded April 28, 1994
8. “No Questions Asked” (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Gunn, Levin, Mastelotto) - 3:24
   • Recorded April 23, 1994
9. “Adrian’s Clouds” (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Gunn, Levin, Mastelotto) - 1:39
   • Recorded April 22, 1994
10. “Calliope” (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Gunn, Levin, Mastelotto) - 5:58
    • Recorded April 23, 1994
11. “One Time” (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Gunn, Levin, Mastelotto) - 5:24
    • Recorded April 28, 1994
12. “Booga Looga” (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Gunn, Levin, Mastelotto) - 3:45
    • Recorded April 23, 1994

Personnel

• Robert Fripp - guitar
• Adrian Belew - guitar
• Tony Levin - bass, Chapman stick
• Trey Gunn - Chapman stick
• Bill Bruford - drums, percussion
• Pat Mastelotto - drums, percussion

Isometre is a music theory term describing the use of pulse without regular meter. See also: homorhythm.

Pulse is a 1988 horror film written and directed by Paul Golding.

Plot

A malevolent, paranormal intelligence in the electrical system is moving from house to house. It terrorizes the occupants by taking control of the appliances, either killing them or causing them to wreck the house in an effort to destroy it. Then it travels along the power lines to the next house, and the terror restarts. Having thus wrecked one household in a quiet neighbourhood, the pulse finds itself in the home of a boy’s divorced father whom he is visiting. It gradually takes control of everything, badly injures the stepmother, and traps father and son, who must fight their way out.

Cast

LADS is an acronym for Laser Airborne Depth Sounder.

Until recently, a large proportion of waters around Australia had not been accurately charted, because nautical charting is very slow, laborious and time consuming. This is where a ship sails through the waters with depth sounding equipment and records the depth of the water under its path. This means that the set of readings are along a linear track. It can also be a dangerous exercise having a ship sail through uncharted waters.

A South Australian company, Vision Systems, created a system to assist and speed up the process of depth sounding, using laser pulses to chart the depth of a body of water.

Basics

The principle behind LADS requires quite sophisticated technology to operate effectively in practise, even though the principle is quite straightforward.

An aeroplane flies over a body of water at a height of approx 500 meters at speed of approximately 75m/s. The survey equipment within the aircraft includes a class 4 laser, this laser has its beam split into 2 by a diacroic mirror. The first beam (red in colour) is used to measure the aircraft height above water as it is reflected from the surface, the second beam (green in colour) is used to penetrate the water and reflect from the seabed. The green laser is scanned over an arc of +/- 15 degrees to the plane’s direction and pulses at approximately 162 pulses per second. The red beam however is directed vertically down. The result of scanning the green laser is a swath of soundings spaced evenly at 10 metre intervals 240 metres wide for the duration survey line. The equipment on the aeroplane records the time of delay between reception of the two reflected pulses to calculate depth. LADS flies primarily at night as the reflection caused by the sun on the mirrors that receive the return laser pulse triggers a false return therefore incorrect depth. Other limitations of the LADS system include cloudy water and a dark or black sea bed.

As the speed of light in water can be found out by Maxwell’s equation, the extra distance that second pulse traveled can be calculated, hence the depth of the water. The extra distance traveled by the second pulse is to the bottom of the water and back (i.e. twice the depth of the water). Hence, the depth of the water is half the extra distance traveled.

Continuous-wave radar system is a radar system where a known stable frequency continuous wave radio energy is transmitted and then received from any reflecting objects. The return frequencies are shifted away from the transmitted frequency based on the Doppler effect if they are moving.

The main advantage of the CW radars is that they are not pulsed and simple to manufacture. They have no minimum or maximum range (although the broadcast power level imposes a practical limit on range) and maximize power on a target because they are always broadcasting. However they also have the disadvantage of only detecting moving targets, as stationary targets (along the line of sight) will not cause a Doppler shift and the reflected signals will be filtered out. CW radar systems are used at both ends of the range spectrum; e.g., as radio-altimeters at the close-range end (where the range may be a few feet), and early warning radars at long range.

CW radars also have a disadvantage because they cannot measure range. Range is normally measured by timing the delay between a pulse being sent and received, but as CW radars are always broadcasting, there is no delay to measure. Ranging can be implemented, however, through a technique known as “chirping”, or frequency modulated continuous-wave radar. In this system the signal is not a continuous fixed frequency, but varies up and down over a fixed period of time. By comparing the frequency of the received signal to the one currently being sent, the difference in frequency can be accurately measured, and from that the time-of-flight can be calculated.

The military uses continuous-wave radar to guide semi-active radar homing (SARH) air-to-air missiles, such as the U.S. AIM-7 Sparrow. The launch aircraft illuminates the target with a CW radar signal, and the missile homes in on the reflected radar waves. Since the missile is moving at high velocities relative to the aircraft, there is almost always a strong return. Most modern air combat radars, even pulse Doppler sets, have a CW function for missile guidance purposes.

See also

• Doppler radar
• Fm-cw radar
• Pulse-doppler radar

End distortion: In start-stop teletypewriter operation, the shifting of the end of all marking pulses, except the stop pulse, from their proper positions in relation to the beginning of the next start pulse.

Shifting of the end of the stop pulse is a deviation in character time and rate rather than an end distortion.

Spacing end distortion is the termination of marking pulses before the proper time. Marking end distortion is the continuation of marking pulses past the proper time.

The magnitude of the distortion is expressed as a percentage of an ideal pulse length.

The IBM 1711 Data Converter was part of the IBM 1710 process control computer. The 1711 contained an analog to digital converter that accepted signals from the IBM 1712 Multiplexer and Terminal Unit that were between -50 millivolts and +50 millivolts and converted them into signed, 4 decimal digit numbers that were stored in the 1710’s core memory.

The 1711 featured a real time clock that could place the current hour and minute into storage, again as a 4 digit number. On the 1711’s control panel, there was a bank of seven decimal digit manual entry switches that could be read by the computer. The 1711 also contained address circuitry for the IBM 1712 Multiplexer.

Optional 1711 features included contact sense, contact operate, analog output, interrupt, and process branch indicators.

While all this and more would fit comfortably on a single IC today, the IBM 1711 occupied a three section rack cabinet.

See also

• IBM 1800

In digital circuits, a runt pulse is a narrow pulse that,
due to non-zero rise and fall times of the signal, does not reach a valid
high or low level. A runt pulse may occur when switching between
asynchronous clocks; or as the result of a race condition in which a signal takes two separate paths through a circuit, which may have different delays, and is then recombined to form a glitch; or when the output of a flip-flop becomes metastable.

Some oscilloscopes provide a method for triggering on runt pulses. The oscilloscope triggers when the signal crosses one of two voltage thresholds, but not both.

Example

Runt pulse

Eastwood Guitars is a company set up by Michael Robinson which reproduces some classic electric guitar designs.

The company was set up because Michael Robinson wanted to re-create some of the vintage electric guitars that have since gone out of production. He wanted to create guitars with vintage sound and feel, but that were meant to be played not just collected, as he thought so many vintage guitars were simply for looking at, not touching.

Eastwood guitars now produce around 20 guitar models, which have been greatly received by players and reviews. They also produce bass guitars which are either reproductions of classic bass guitar designs or adopted from their guitar designs.

External links

• MyRareGuitars - Home of Michael Robinson and Eastwood guitars
• Eastwood guitars only homepage

The broad definition of memory consolidation is the process by which recent memories are crystallised into long-term memory. The word “consolidation” is used to refer to different levels:

1. Molecular consolidation: The molecular process by which long-term conductivity of synapses is affected. Memory consolidation occurs after training (e.g. an exposition to a stimulus-response pair). Consolidation increases in strength over time with repetition. Maximum consolidation with minimum time investment is achieved by means of spaced repetition. Molecular consolidation requires protein synthesis.
2. Network consolidation: Many researchers believe that episodic memories are initially stored in the hippocampus and are slowly moved (or ‘consolidated’) into the neocortex. This process of consolidation begins during wakefulness and may be enhanced during sleep. Originally it was thought this happens during dreaming (Marr, 1971). However, new research indicates that the NREM phase of sleep is associated with that process (Hobson, Stickgold, Buzsaki).

Reconsolidation

There is evidence in laboratory animals that recall puts memories into an unstable, labile state and that, after recall, the memory must be re-consolidated or it will be forgotten. Both consolidation and reconsolidation can be disrupted by pharmacological agents (e.g. the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin) and both require the transcription factor CREB. Recent research suggests that BDNF is required for consolidation (but not reconsolidation) whereas the transcription factor and immediate early gene Zif268 is required for reconsolidation but not consolidation. Memory re-consolidation occurs upon review or repetition of the learned material.

Moreover, memory reconsolidation also may be disrupted by blocking NMDA receptors.

Research papers of interest

• Debiec J, LeDoux JE, Nader K. Cellular and Systems Reconsolidation in the Hippocampus. Neuron. 2002 Oct 24;36(3):527-38. PMID 12408854
• Lee J.L, Everitt BJ, Thomas KL. Independent Cellular Processes for Hippocampal Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation”. Science. 2004 May 7;304(5672):839-43. PMID 15073322
• Pasupathy A, Miller EK. Different time courses of learning-related activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Nature. 2005 Feb 24;433(7028):873-6. PMID 15729344.
  • Evidence that learning-related neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex rises more slowly than in the basal ganglia, suggesting the basal ganglia may “train” this segment of cortex.
• D. Marr. Simple memory: a theory for archicortex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1971 Jul 1;262(841):23-81. PMID 4399412
• Dudai Y, Eisenberg M. Rites of passage of the engram: reconsolidation and the lingering consolidation hypothesis. Neuron. 2004 Sep 30;44(1):93-100. Review.

PMID: 15450162

Julia Wong has served as an assistant/additional film editor on over a dozen films such as Unfaithful (2002), Honey (2003), and After the Sunset (2004). She has also branched out into editing TV series and made-for-television movies such as The Pulse (2002) and Santa’s Slay (2005). She is currently co-editing Brett Ratner’s latest film, X-Men: The Last Stand, with Mark Helfrich and Mark Goldblatt.

External links