Generators info

Nomos Alpha (1966) is a piece for solo cello composed by Iannis Xenakis in 1965, commissioned by Radio Bremen for cellist Siegfried Palm, and dedicated to mathematicians Aristoxenus of Tarentum, Évariste Galois, and Felix Klein (DeLio 1985, p.xii).

The structure is in part, Level I, determined by group theory, specifically the 24 element octahedral group structure and is in 24 sections, with each fourth section, Level II, not being determined by group structure and rather a “continuous evolution of register” (ibid, p.23).

Sources

• DeLio, Thomas, ed. (1985). Contiguous Lines: Issues and Ideas in the Music of the ’60’s and ’70’s. ISBN 0-8191-4330-8.
  • DeLio, Thomas. “The Dialectics of Structure and Materials: Iannis Xenakis’ Nomos Alpha“.
• Xenakis, Iannis (1971). Formalized Music, p.219-236. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.

The Hourglass Device is a military award of the United States armed forces presented as an attachment to the Armed Forces Reserve Medal. The Hourglass Device denotes total service as a member of the Reserve or National Guard and is issued in three degrees.

The initial presentation of the Armed Forces Reserve Medal is authorized with the bronze hourglass device denoting ten years of reserve service. At twenty years of service, the hourglass is upgraded to silver and at thirty years the hourglass becomes gold. For those who complete forty years of reserve service, a gold and bronze hourglass device are worn simultaneously. This is the only case where hourglasses are worn together; in all other cases the hourglass device is upgraded to the next higher award degree and is worn as a single device.

Prior to 1995, the hourglass device was presented only upon the second and subsequent awards of the Armed Forces Reserve Medal, as in a bronze hourglass for twenty years of service, silver for thirty, and gold for forty. This was changed when the Armed Forces Reserve Medal was authorized for award, without a device, to those who had been mobilized to active duty. At that point, the hourglass device was presented for the initial ten year award to distinguish those who had received the award through years of service compared to those who had earned the decoration through mobilization.

The change in the awarding criteria for the Hourglass Device applied only to those personnel who had not yet received the Armed Forces Reserve Medal or had received the decoration before 1995 and were still serving on active duty or as a member of the reserves. Personnel discharged or retired, prior to the change of the Hourglass Device award criteria, are not eligible for a correction of records or an upgrade of the Hourglass Device, as the Hourglass Device would have originally been presented under the original award specifications.

In 1996, the Mobilization Device was authorized to the Armed Forces Reserve Medal which was worn beside the hourglass device for those who had completed both years of service and a recall mobilization.

Pneumatic flow control is the use of air as a control medium, or as the controlled medium, in which one medium controls the flow of another.

Pneumatic flow control taxonomy

There are two possible pneumatic flow controls: those that are controlled by pneumatics, and those that control pneumatics.

Pneumatically controlled valves

Pneumatically controlled valves are valves that are controlled by pressurized air.
These may include water flow valves that are controlled by compre ssed air.

Pneumatically controlling valves

Pneumatically controlling valves are valves that control the flow of pressurized air. Another medium such as water (hydraulics) or electricity, for example, may be used to control the valves.

In some cases, the valves are operated manually rather than automatically.

Nanori (名乗り) are kanji character readings (pronunciations) found almost only in Japanese names.

In the Japanese language many names are constructed from common kanji characters with standard spelling and pronunciation. Some characters are special in that they occur only in names and have pronunciation which must be learned in each case, such as the female name Nozomi (希). Nanori readings can also be used in conjunction with other readings, such as iida (飯田). Here, the nanori of 飯 (いい) and a kun’yomi (訓読み) of 田 (だ) are used. Often (as in the previous example), the nanori of a kanji is related to its general meaning. The nanori was once used as a general-purpose reading of the character, but such a practice has fallen into disuse.

The following are lists of solo piano pieces, where “solo pieces” here are defined as those either intentionally composed for solo piano, or where the piano is the major instrument of music.

By composer

By style or time period

• Baroque (see Baroque)
• Classical (see Classical)
• Romantic (see Romanticism)
• Impressionistic (see Impressionist music)
• Jazz (see Jazz)
• Postmodern (see Postmodernism)
• Contemporary (see Contemporary music)
• Minimalistic (see Minimalist music)

By nationality or culture

• American
• Austrian
• Brazilian
• Canadian
• Chinese
• English
• French
• German
• Hungarian
• Italian
• Japanese
• Macedonian
• New Zealand
• Norwegian
• Polish
• Russian
• South African
• Spanish

See also

• List of compositions for piano and orchestra

The amplitude is a nonnegative scalar measure of a wave’s magnitude of oscillation, that is, the magnitude of the maximum disturbance in the medium during one wave cycle.

Sometimes this distance is called the peak amplitude, distinguishing it from another concept of amplitude, used especially in electrical engineering: the RMS or root mean square amplitude, defined as the square root of the temporal mean of the square of the vertical distance of this graph from the horizontal axis. The use of peak amplitude is unambiguous for symmetric, periodic waves, like a sine wave, a square wave, or a triangular wave. For an asymmetric wave (periodic pulses in one direction, for example), the peak amplitude becomes ambiguous because the value obtained is different depending on whether the maximum positive signal is measured relative to the mean, the maximum negative signal is measured relative to the mean, or the maximum positive signal is measured relative the maximum negative signal (the peak-to-peak amplitude) and then divided by two.

For complex waveforms, especially non-repeating signals like noise, the RMS amplitude is usually used because it is unambiguous and because it has physical significance. For example, the average power transmitted by an acoustic or electromagnetic wave or by an electrical signal is proportional to the square of the RMS amplitude (and not, in general, to the square of the peak amplitude).

There are a few ways to formalize amplitude:

In the simple wave equation

<math>x = A \sin(t - K) + b\ ,</math>

A is the amplitude of the wave.

The units of the amplitude depend on the type of wave.

For waves on a string, or in medium such as water, the amplitude is a displacement.

The amplitude of sound waves and audio signals (also referred to as Volume) conventionally refers to the amplitude of the air pressure in the wave, but sometimes the amplitude of the displacement (movements of the air or the diaphragm of a speaker) is described. The logarithm of the amplitude squared is usually quoted in dB, so a null amplitude corresponds to -∞ dB. Loudness is related to amplitude and intensity and is one of most salient qualities of a sound, although in general sounds can be recognized independently of amplitude.

For electromagnetic radiation, the amplitude corresponds to the electric field of the wave. The square of the amplitude is proportional to the intensity of the wave.

The amplitude may be constant (in which case the wave is a continuous wave) or may vary with time and/or position. The form of the variation of amplitude is called the envelope of the wave.

Pulse amplitude

In telecommunication, pulse amplitude is the magnitude of a pulse parameter, such as the field intensity, voltage level, current level, or power level.

Note 1: Pulse amplitude is measured with respect to a specified reference and therefore should be modified by qualifiers, such as “average”, “instantaneous”, “peak”, or “root-mean-square.”

Note 2: Pulse amplitude also applies to the amplitude of frequency- and phase-modulated waveform envelopes.

Source: from Federal Standard 1037C

See also

• Waves and their properties:
  • Frequency
  • Period
  • Wavelength
  • Crest factor
• Amplitude modulation

Relational Stage Model

The stage model shows relationship characteristics by the stages of interaction as they develop communication changes and they move to different stages.

The increasing model consists of: initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, and bonding.
The decreasing model consists of: differentiation, circumscribing, stagnation, avoiding, and terminating.

Initiating is the beginning talk such as small talk. An example is: “Hello, how are you?”
Experimenting is the next stage which is casual social talk.
Intesifying is unfolding uniqueness to allow partner and you to experience similarities.
Integrating is when you and your partner fuse together. An example of this are: social groups.
Bonding is a public ritual. An example of this is a wedding.

Differentiation is when you and your partner have differences in character. An example of this is fighting.
Circumscribing is off-limit talk. An example of this is “I don’t want to talk about it”
Stagnation is when things stay still and do not move up or down the stage model.
Avoiding is when one distances themselves from their partner on purpose.
Terminating is when one completely ends the relationship.

People move throughout the stage model as their relationship changes, grows, and begins to fall. People may believe that the stage model is helpful because it allows them to know where they are at and what they need to do in order to make the relationship move to where they want to be.

Sources

A random permutation is a random ordering of a set of objects, that is, a permutation-valued random variable. The use of random permutations is often fundamental to fields that use randomized algorithms. Such fields include coding theory, cryptography, and simulation. A good example of a random permutation is the shuffling of a deck of cards: this is ideally a random permutation of the 52 cards.

One method of generating a random permutation of a set of length n uniformly at random (i.e. each of the n! permutations is equally likely to appear) is to generate a sequence by taking a random number between 1 and n sequentially, ensuring that there is no repetition, and interpreting this sequence {x₁, …, x_n} as the permutation

<math>\begin{pmatrix}

1 & 2 & 3 & \cdots & n \\
x_1 & x_2 & x_3 & \cdots & x_n \\
\end{pmatrix}.</math>

The above brute-force method will require occasional retries whenever the random number picked is a repeat of a number already selected. A simple algorithm to generate a permutation of n items uniformly at random without retries, known as the Knuth shuffle, is to start with the identity permutation, and then go through the positions 1 through n−1, and for each position i swap the element currently there with an arbitrarily chosen element from positions i through n, inclusive. It’s easy to verify that any permutation of n elements will be produced by this algorithm with probability exactly 1/n!, thus yielding a uniform distribution over all such permutations.

For an account of the probability distribution of the number of fixed points of a uniformly distributed random permutation, see rencontres numbers. That distribution approaches a Poisson distribution with expected value 1 as n grows. In particular, it is an elegant application of the inclusion-exclusion principle to show that the probability that there are no fixed points approaches 1/e. The first n moments of this distribution are exactly those of the Poisson distribution.

See Ewens’s sampling formula for a connection with population genetics.

See also

• Golomb-Dickman constant
• Perfect shuffle
• Random permutation statistics
• Shuffling algorithms — random sort method, iterative exchange method

External links

• Random permutation at MathWorld
• Random permutation generation

Diacope is a rhetorical term meaning uninterrupted repetition of a word, or repetition with only one or two words between each repeated phrase.

Examples:

• “All lost! To prayers, to prayers! All lost!” (William Shakespeare, The Tempest, Act I, Scene 1).
  

To the swinging and the ringing
Of the bells, bells, bells–

Of the bells, bells, bells, bells,

Bells, bells, bells–

–Edgar Allan Poe, “The Bells”

See also

• Tmesis

Flooding is a psychotherapeutic technique used to help patients heal their traumatic memories. It works by exposing the patient to their painful memories, with the goal of reintegrating their repressed emotions with their current awareness.

‘Flooding’ is an effective form of treatment for phobias amongst other psychopathologies. It works on the behaviourist principles of classical conditioning. According to classical conditioning we learn through associations so if we have a phobia it is because we associate the feared object or stimulus with something negative.

If we were using flooding to treat a phobia we would expose a person to vast amounts of the feared stimulus. E.g. if a person was scared of spiders we might lock them in a room full of spiders. The idea is that whilst a person will be initially very anxious, the body cannot stay anxious forever. When nothing bad happens the person will begin to calm down and so from that moment on associate a feeling of calm with the previously feared object.

Psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe carried out an experiment which demonstrated flooding. He took a girl who was scared of cars, locked her in a car and drove her around for hours. Initially the girl was hysterical but she eventually calmed down when she realised that nothing bad was happening to her. From then on she associated a sense of ease with cars.

Flooding was invented by a psychologist named Thomas Stampfl.

See also

• Desensitization (psychology)
• Systematic desensitization
• Sensitization

External links

• Psychology Today - Facing down the ghosts of the past

In mathematics, a module is a finitely-generated module if it has a finite generating set.

Intuitive introduction

Informally, modules are an abstraction of the concept of a number of directions, together with distances (or coefficients) in each direction. A generating set is a list which spans all the possible directions. A finitely-generated module is one for which there is a finite generating set.

This image should nonetheless be used with care, because in a given module “distance” might not be interpreted as a continuous quantity (see examples 2 and 3 below of modules where “distance” is always a whole number). In some modules counter-intuitive things might happen if you travel far enough in one direction (for example in some modules you will get back to where you started). See also torsion modules.

Example 1.: Consider ordinary map co-ordinates, East-West and North-South. Only two directions are required to span the whole map. Ignoring obstructions, you could get to any point on the map by travelling some distance East-West and then some other distance North-South. Thus we say that the whole area of the map is generated by the set {1 mile east, 1 mile north} together with coefficients from the real numbers. The map can be described as a finitely generated module (in fact, a 2-generator module) — although for technical reasons it has to go as far as you like in all directions.

Example 2. (not finitely generated module). Consider the positive rational numbers written as powers of prime numbers. So for example we express 18 as 2.3², 7/6 as 7.2^-1.3^-1 and so on. Here, the prime numbers are the “directions”, and the exponent of each prime is the coefficient. When described in this way, the positive rationals form a module (over the integers). A finite generating set would be a finite set of rational numbers which could, by raising them to any integer power and multiplying them together, be used to express any rational number. No such set exists, because there are infinitely many prime numbers, and no finite set of rational numbers can generate them all. Hence this is not a finitely-generated module.

Example 3. Take the positive rational numbers which (after simplification) contain only the primes 2 and 3. So for instance 6, 10/45=2/9 and 1/12 belong to this set. This is a module over the integers, which is also finitely generated. A set of generators is, for example, {2,3}. Another one would be {2,1/6}.

Formal definition

The left R-module M is finitely-generated if and only if there exist a₁, a₂, …, a_n in M such that for all x in M, there exist r₁, r₂, …, r_n in R with x = r₁a₁ + r₂a₂ + … + r_na_n.

The set {a₁, a₂, …, a_n} is referred to as a generating set for M in this case.

In the case where the module M is a vector space over a field R, and the generating set is linearly independent, n is well-defined and is referred to as the dimension of M (well-defined means that any linearly independent generating set has n elements: this is the dimension theorem for vector spaces).

Some facts

Finitely generated modules over the ring of integers Z coincide with the finitely generated abelian groups; these are completely classified. The same is true for the finitely generated modules over any principal ideal domain; see the structure theorem.

Every homomorphic image of a finitely generated module is finitely generated. In general, submodules of finitely generated modules need not be finitely generated. (As an example, consider the ring R=Z[X₁,X₂,…] of all polynomials in countably many variables. R itself is a finitely-generated R-module [with {1} as generating set]. Consider the submodule K consisting of all those polynomials without constant term. Since every polynomial contains only finitely many variables, the R-module K is not finitely generated.) However, if the ring R is Noetherian, then every submodule of a finitely generated module is again finitely generated (and indeed this property characterizes Noetherian rings).

If M is a module which has a finitely-generated submodule K such that the factor module M/K is finitely generated, then M itself is finitely-generated.

Finitely-presented and coherent modules

Another formulation is this: a finitely-generated module M is one for which there is a surjective module homomorphism

φ : R^k → M.

A finitely-presented module M is one for which the kernel of φ can also be taken to be finitely-generated. If this is the case, we essentially have M specified using finitely many generators (the images of the k generators of R^k) and finitely many relations (the generators of ker(φ)). A coherent module M is one that is finitely-generated and such that the kernel of any map R^k → M (not necessarily surjective) is also finitely-generated.

Over any ring R, coherent modules are finitely-presented, and finitely-presented modules are finitely-generated. For a noetherian ring R, all three conditions are actually equivalent.

Although coherence seems like a more cumbersome condition than the other two, it is nicer than them since the category of coherent modules is an abelian category, while, in general, neither finitely-generated nor finitely-presented modules form an abelian category.

Wolverine was a monster truck that raced on the USHRA circuit. It was owned by Clear Channel Entertainment and driven by Brian Barthel, and as such acted as a teammate to Little Tiger. The truck won the 2003 Monster Jam World Finals Racing Championship, and was retired later that year as the Marvel sponsorship was lost.

Aÿ is a commune of the Marne département in northeastern France. Population (1999): 4,315. It is most famous as a centre of the production of wine, primarily sparkling Champagne, with many prestigious houses owning vineyards in the immediate vicinity.

AY was linked to the COLLERY family. Jean Collery was senator and mayor of Ay and helped relationships with Germany after the war creating twin sister partnership. Alain Collery, his son, was conseiller general and helped the brand Champagne Collery before creating a new brand Pierre Laurain.

The AY spirit is now in California with Arnaud Collery being an actor and comedian.

RWM is the callsign of a shortwave radio station in Moscow, Russia. It is similar to WWV in that it broadcasts official time signals. However, unlike WWV, RWM does not broadcast any voice announcements, or any other sort of time-of-day information, choosing instead to broadcast only simple continuous wave standard interval signals. RWM transmits a 5 kW signal on the frequency of 4.996 MHz, and 8 kW signals on 9.996 and 14.996 MHz. These signals are best received anywhere in Europe, as well as in western Russia.

Between 0 and 8 minutes past the hour, RWM transmits a straight unmodulated carrier wave. At 9 minutes past, RWM identifies itself in Morse code. Between 10 and 20 minutes past the hour, RWM transmits a pulse of carrier every second, with the difference between UT1 and UTC in units of one-fiftieth of a second encoded onto the once-per-second pulses. And between 20 and 30 minutes past the hour, RWM transmits carrier pulses ten times each second. This transmission cycle is repeated every half hour.

Fantasy name generators are programs that use a computer algorithm to create a fantasy name at random probability, usually for use in a role-playing game. They have been around since at least 1994. Early fantasy name generators often generated nonsense, creating names such as “Rsi’sskoo” or “Gbbtti”. Modern fantasy name generators are typically better at creating usable names.

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POG

may mean:

• POG, a drink
• Pogs, a 1990s fad game, as well as the game pieces used in that game

POG is a three-letter acronym (or three-letter abbreviation) that may stand for:

• Personnel Other than Grunts
• Pediatric Oncology Group
• PHP Object Generator
• Pittsburgh Organizing Group
• Prisoner of Grants
• Polyphonic Octave Generator
• Prince Original Graphite

SkinStudio (previously known as BuilderBlinds) is a software tool by Stardock used to create skins for their WindowBlinds, ObjectBar, WebBlinds and PocketBlinds programs, as well as Koala Player and Windows Media Player. It is a component of Object Desktop, but is also sold separately, and a version is available for free download.

SkinStudio uses a Universal Skin Format (USF) that can be used to create one skin and export it to multiple skin formats. In practice, skins often need further editing after being created from this template, but it can be of use when developing a suite of skins. msstyle files are imported into USF before being converted to one of the WindowBlinds skin formats.

Versions

As of July 2005, there are three versions generally available:

• SkinStudio Free — Creates skins for WindowBlinds, and allows importing of skins from the msstyle format.
• SkinStudio Enhanced — As the free edition, but with the addition of pre-made widgets, skin imports, and options for skin colorization. Included with Object Desktop subscriptions.
• SkinStudio Pro — Adds the ability to create skins for Windows Media Player to the Enhanced version.

A product called SkinStudio Developers Edition is also available for those who want a custom-supported tool for use with Stardock’s customized skinning add-in, DirectSkin.

External links

• SkinStudio official website
• Making Great Skins - a guide to creating usable and well-performing skins

HeaderDoc is documentation generator developed and maintained by Apple Inc.. Using specially commented source code files as input, HeaderDoc generates documentation for the code in HTML or XML format. Syntax for HeaderDoc comment tags is largely similar to, and as of HeaderDoc version 8, supportive of Javadoc tags. Apple’s HeaderDoc project is freely distributed under the Apple Public Source License.

Supported plain text languages

• Bash
• Bourne Shell
• C Shell
• C Programming Language
• [[C++]]
• Korn Shell
• Java programming language
• Javascript
• MACH MIG definitions [1]
• Objective-C
• Pascal programming language
• Perl
• PHP

The HeaderDoc tool set consists of the main utility, headerdoc2html, and gatherheaderdoc. The headerdoc2html tool generates a directory of either HTML (or optionally XML) files from the commented source files specified. Afterwards, the gatherheaderdoc utility may be executed to create a table of contents file for the documentation.

Apple’s Xcode development environment contains features designed to assist the process of creating documentation using the HeaderDoc syntax and tools.

See also

• Comparison of documentation generators

External links

• HeaderDoc Project Page
• Documentation for HeaderDoc syntax and utilities

Surface supplied diving refers to divers using equipment supplied with breathing gas using an umbilical cord from the surface, often from a diving support vessel but possibly, indirectly via a diving chamber. SCUBA, which is commonly used in recreational diving, is the main alternative to surface supplied diving equipment.

Surface supplied diving equipment and techniques are mainly used in professional diving or military diving due to the increased cost and complexity of buying and operating the equipment. This type of equipment is used in saturation diving. Divers almost always wear diving helmets or full face diving masks when being supplied from the surface. Surface supplied divers also use the spherical helmet with brass and glass windows of the historical standard diving dress.

Surface supplied diving equipment usually includes communication capability with the surface, which adds to the efficiency of the working diver. The surface supplied diver is less likely to have “out-of-air” emergencies because when a cylinder supplying the umbilical is exhausted it can be removed and replaced with a full one at the surface.

See also

• Diving bell
• Diving chamber
• Snuba

External links

• Hooka

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Temporal masking occurs when a sudden stimulus sound makes inaudible other sounds which are present immediately preceding or following the stimulus. Masking that obscures a sound immediately preceding the masker is called backwards masking or pre-masking and masking that obscures a sound immediately following the masker is called forwards masking or post-masking. Temporal masking’s effectiveness attenuates exponentially from the onset and offset of the masker, with the onset attenuation lasting approximately 10 ms and the offset attenuation lasting approximately 50 ms.

Similar to simultaneous masking, temporal masking reveals the frequency analysis performed by the auditory system; forwards masking thresholds for complex harmonic tones (e.g., a sawtooth probe with a fundamental frequency of 500 Hz) exhibit threshold peaks (i.e., high masking levels) for frequency bands centered on the first several harmonics. In fact, auditory bandwidths measured from forwarding masking thresholds are narrower and more accurate than those measured using simultaneous masking.

Temporal masking should not be confused with the ear’s acoustic reflex, an involuntary response in the middle ear that is activated to protect the ear’s delicate structures from loud sounds.

One example of temporal masking is the illusory continuity of tones, an auditory illusion wherein a tone is interrupted by a burst of static but is perceived by the listener to be continuous.

References

External links

• http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/aug98/articles/datacompression.html
• http://www.minidisc.org/aes_atrac.html

The People’s Progress Party/Parti progressiste populaire is a political party in Vanuatu.
At the last legislative elections, 6 July 2004, the party won 3 out of 52 seats. Its leader, Sato Kilman served as foreign minister of Vanuatu from December 2004 to July 2007. He had made the party an important member of the National United Party-led coalition of Prime Minister Ham Lini but in July 2007, apparently due to corruption charges, Lini expelled the People’s Progress Party from the cabinet.

Emmanuelle in Space was an American erotic science fiction television series produced for both cable and syndication in 1994. It is loosely based upon the character Emmanuelle created by Emmanuelle Arsan in the 1960s and featured in dozens of softcore films over the years.

The series starred Krista Allen as Emmanuelle, a hedonistic young woman who finds herself teaching the ways of sexuality to a group of aliens who land on Earth, and Paul Michael Robinson.

As is the case with the other Emmanuelle films, Emmanuelle in Space contains much nudity and sexual content. Allen has gone on record as regretting her involvement in this series early in her career. Today, the various episodes of Emmanuelle in Space are generally available edited together into feature-length productions that are available on DVD and occasionally show up on broadcasters such as Cinemax and on cable networks outside the U.S.

Episodes

• Emmanuelle:1 First Contact (1994)
• Emmanuelle:2 A World of Desire (1994)
• Emmanuelle 3: A Lesson in Love (1994)
• Emmanuelle 4: Concealed Fantasy (1994)
• Emmanuelle 5: A Time to Dream (1994)
• Emmanuelle 6: One Final Fling (1994)
• Emmanuelle 7: The Meaning of Love (1994)

External links

Fantasy name generators are programs that use a computer algorithm to create a fantasy name at random probability, usually for use in a role-playing game. They have been around since at least 1994. Early fantasy name generators often generated nonsense, creating names such as “Rsi’sskoo” or “Gbbtti”. Modern fantasy name generators are typically better at creating usable names.

Swash (Backwash), in geography, is the water that washes up on shore after an incoming wave has broken. This action will cause sand and other light particles to be transported up the beach. The direction of the swash varies with the prevailing wind, whereas the backwash is always perpendicular to the coastline. This may cause longshore drift.

Backwash current

Backwash current is a seaward current that results from the receding swash on the beach face, after a wave breaks, joins the seaward movement of the wave trough toward the next incoming crest. The same orbital wave movement that causes a ball to bob up and down on the water causes the trough to move back and up toward the next wave crest. This is not what the word “undertow” suggests, and this term should not be used.

See also

• Rip current
• swashbuckler

LM317

is an integrated three-terminal adjustable linear voltage regulator. It supports input voltage of 3V to 40V and output voltage between 1.25V and 37V. It has a current rating of at least 1.5A although lower current models are available. Its output voltage is controlled by a resistor or a potentiometer. The LM317 also has a built-in current limiter as a safety feature. LM317 is manufactured by many companies, including National Semiconductor and Fairchild Semiconductor. The LM317 will automatically reduce output current if it gets too hot under load. The use of a heatsink is recommended to extend the part’s power-handling capability. LM317 is a positive voltage regulator. Its negative complement is the LM337.

Specifications

See also

• Voltage regulator

External links

• Information page about LM317 from National Semiconductor
• LM317 datasheet from Texas Instrument(pdf)

VO3 Bicycles is a bicycle manufacturer based in North Carolina, USA. VO3 makes high-end carbon fiber road racing bicycles at very affordable prices. Although not well known, VO3 frames are manufactured by a leading Asian company that has been making carbon frames for over twenty years. VO3 sits squarely in the boutique category and has set out to produce bicycles of the highest quality that set themselves apart from the mass producers. They have managed to produce a bicycle with outstanding looks and exceptional handling characteristics.

Some of the most distinctive features of VO3 bicycles include the aerodynamically shaped carbon tubing and the unparalleled ride quality.

External links

• VO3 Bicycles official web site

Ryan McGinnis (March 3 1987 in Fenton, Michigan) is a major junior ice hockey defenseman.

OHL Priority Selection- Plymouth 4th Round (78th) 2003

NHL Entry Draft- Los Angeles 6th Round (184th) 2005.

Ryan McGinnis was traded in June 2007 to the Oshawa Generals of the OHL

Shortcrust pastry is a type of pastry often used for the base of a tart or pie. It does not puff up during baking because it usually contains no leavening agent. It is possible to make shortcrust pastry with self-raising flour, however. One suggestion for the ‘perfect’ pastry is 8oz self-raising flour, 3oz margarine and 2oz lard.

It is based on a ‘half-fat-to-flour’ ratio. Fat (lard, butter or full-fat margarine) is rubbed into plain flour to create a loose mixture that is then bound using a small amount of water, rolled out, then shaped and placed to create the top or bottom of a flan or pie.

Sweetcrust pastry is made with the addition of sugar, which sweetens the mix and impedes the gluten strands, creating a pastry that breaks up easily in the mouth.

In both sweetcrust and shortcrust pastry, care must be taken to ensure that fat and flour are blended thoroughly before liquid is added - this ensures that the flour granules are adequately coated with fat and are less likely to develop gluten. Overworking the dough is also a hazard. Overworking elongates the gluten strands, creating a product that is chewy, as opposed to ’short’, or light and crumbly.

External links

• Shortcrust pastry recipe

Weiss (or Weiß, German for white) may refer to:

• Weiss (surname), including Weiß
• Mount Weiss, a mountain located in the Sunwapta River valley of Jasper National Park
• USS Weiss (DE-378), a vessel
• USS Weiss (APD-135), a Crosley-class high-speed transport
• Fall Weiss, two German military operations
  • Fall Weiss (1939), against Poland
  • Fall Weiss (1943), in occupied Yugoslavia
    

See also

• Weisz, Weis (disambiguation)

In computer vision segmentation of an image is the division of a given (digital) image into contiguous regions. In current computer vision algorithms the similarity of image parts is usually defined in terms of color and texture. The goal to automatically segment images into semantically meaningful parts is very difficult to achieve.

See also

Segmentation (image processing)

Operation Ikarus (Unternehmen Ikarus or Fall Ikarus in German) was a World War II German plan to invade Iceland which had been occupied by British forces during Operation Fork in 1940. The German plan was never realized.

The purpose of the British move was to prevent the German invasion of the island. In fact, German dictator Adolf Hitler was not planning to invade at the time. So, instead of discouraging the Germans, the British occupation only encouraged them.

The German plan was not realized due to the delay of Operation Sealion and, even though an invasion of Iceland was considered possible, defense and resupply was not.

See also

• Expansion operations and planning of the Axis Powers
• Operation Fork - British invasion of Iceland
• Operation Weserübung - German invasion of Denmark and Norway
• History of Iceland

A ruby laser is a solid-state laser that uses a synthetic ruby crystal as its gain medium. It was the first type of laser invented, and was first operated by Theodore H. “Ted” MaimanMaiman, T.H. (1960) “Stimulated Optical Radiation in Ruby”. Nature, 187 4736, pp. 493-494. at Hughes Research Laboratories on 1960-05-16

.

The ruby laser produces pulses of visible light at a wavelength of 694.3 nm, which appears as deep red to human eyes. Typical ruby laser pulse lengths are on the order of a millisecond. These short pulses of red light are visible to the human eye, if the viewer carefully watches the target area where the pulse will fire.

Applications

Ruby lasers have declined in use with the discovery of better lasing media. They are still used in a number of applications where short pulses of red light are required. Holographers around the world produce holographic portraits with ruby lasers, in sizes up to a metre squared. The red 694 nm laser light is preferred to the 532 nm green light of frequency-doubled . Many non-destructive testing labs use ruby lasers to create holograms of large objects such as aircraft tires to look for weaknesses in the lining. Ruby lasers were used extensively in tattoo and hair removal, but are being replaced by alexandrite lasers and Nd:YAG lasers in this application.

Design

The ruby laser is a three level solid state laser. The active laser medium (laser gain/amplification medium) is a synthetic ruby rod that is energized through optical pumping, typically by a xenon flash lamp. In early examples, the rod’s ends had to be polished with great precision, such that the ends of the rod were flat to within a quarter of a wavelength of the output light, and parallel to each other within a few seconds of arc. The finely polished ends of the rod were silvered: one end completely, the other only partially. The rod with its reflective ends then acts as a Fabry-Pérot etalon (or a Gires-Tournois etalon). Modern lasers often instead use rods with ends cut and polished at Brewster’s angle to avoid reflections, with external dielectric mirrors forming the optical cavity. Curved mirrors are typically used to reduce the alignment tolerances.

References

In human anatomy, the popliteal artery is defined as the extension of the femoral artery after passing through the adductor canal and adductor hiatus above the knee. The termination of the popliteal artery is its bifurcation into the anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery.

The popliteal artery, through numerous smaller branches, supplies blood to the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf. It is accompanied, along its length, by the popliteal vein.

Branches

The branches of the popliteal artery are:

• anterior tibial artery
• posterior tibial artery
• sural artery
• medial superior genicular artery
• lateral superior genicular artery
• middle genicular artery
• lateral inferior genicular artery
• medial inferior genicular artery

Tibial-fibular trunk

The fibular artery typically arises from the posterior tibial artery. Therefore, the posterior tibial artery proximal to the fibular artery origin is sometimes called the tibial-peroneal trunk or tibial-fibular trunk and it could be said that the popliteal artery bifurates into the tibial-fibular trunk and anterior tibial artery.

Embryology

Embryologically, the popliteal artery is derived from the fetal sciatic artery, which is distinct from the femoral artery.

Pulse

Its pulse can be palpated behind the knee, but is generally more challenging to find than other arteries of the leg.

Additional images

See also

• Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome
• Popliteal fossa

External link

• - “Arteries of the lower extremity shown in association with major landmarks.”
• Image at umich.edu - pulse

References

Fantasy name generators are programs that use a computer algorithm to create a fantasy name at random probability, usually for use in a role-playing game. They have been around since at least 1994. Early fantasy name generators often generated nonsense, creating names such as “Rsi’sskoo” or “Gbbtti”. Modern fantasy name generators are typically better at creating usable names.

A comb generator is a signal generator that produces multiple harmonics of its input signal. The appearance of the output at the spectrum analyzer screen, resembling teeth of a comb, gave the device its name.

Comb generators find wide range of uses in microwave technology. Eg, synchronous signals in wide frequency bandwidth can be produced by a comb generator. The most common use is in broadband frequency synthesizers, where the high frequency signals act as stable references correlated to the lower energy references; the outputs can be used directly, or to synchronize phase-locked loop oscillators. It may be also used to generate a complete set of substitution channels for testing, each of which carries the same baseband audio and video signal.

Comb generators are also used in RFI testing of consumer electronics, where their output is used as a simulated RF emissions, as it is a stable broadband noise source with repeatable output.

An optical comb generator can be used as generators of terahertz radiation. Internally, it is a resonant electro-optic modulator, with the capability of generating hundreds of sidebands with total span of at least 3 terahertz (limited by the optical dispersion of the lithium niobate crystal) and frequency spacing of 17 GHz. Other construction can be based on erbium-doped fiber laser or Ti-sapphire laser often in combination with carrier envelope offset control.

See also:

• Yet another comb generator

The vertical blanking interval (VBI), also known as the vertical interval or VBLANK, is the time interval between the end of the last line of one frame or field of a raster display, and the beginning of the next. It is present in analog television, VGA, and DVI and other signals. During the VBI the incoming data stream is not displayed on the screen. In cathode ray tubes the beam is blanked to avoid displaying the retrace line.

The VBI was originally needed because of the inductive inertia of the magnetic coils which deflect the electron beam vertically in a CRT; the magnetic field, and hence the position of the spot on the screen, cannot change instantly. For horizontal deflection, there is also a pause between successive lines, to allow the beam to return from right to left, called the horizontal retrace or horizontal blanking interval. While modern equipment does not require a long blanking time, the standards were drawn up to cope with older equipment.

In analog television systems the vertical blanking interval can be used to carry digital data, since nothing sent during the VBI is displayed on the screen; various test signals, time codes, closed captioning, teletext, CGMS-A copy-protection indicators, and various data encoded by the XDS protocol (e.g., the content ratings for V-chip use) and other digital data can be sent during this time period.

The pause between sending video data is used in real time computer graphics to perform various operations on the back buffer before copying it to the front buffer instead of just switching both pointers, or to provide a time reference for when switching such pointers is safe.

In video game systems the vertical blanking pulses are extensively used for timing, as they occur at an accurately known frequency. Most graphics operations on consoles up to and including the 16-bit era could be performed only during the VBI (which programmers generally referred to as the VBLANK), requiring programs to do all graphics processing rigidly within it. The need to synchronise game code this way made early video game systems such as the Atari 2600 difficult to program.

Most consumer VCRs use the known black level of the vertical blanking pulse to set their recording levels. The Macrovision copy protection scheme inserts pulses in the VBI, where the recorder expects a constant level, on videotapes to disrupt recording.

External links

• Whatis definition

The term vassal state commonly refers to any state that was subordinate to another in the pre-modern international system. The ‘vassal’ in these cases was the ruler, rather than the state itself. Being a vassal most commonly implied providing military assistance to the dominant state when requested to do so; it sometimes implied paying tribute, but a state which did so is better described as a tributary state. The terms ‘vassal state’ and ‘tributary state’ are best reserved for the pre-modern era when there was no clear concept of modern state sovereignty. For modern forms, see puppet state.

For the computer game, see Test Drive (video game).

A test drive is taking an automobile for a short drive to test its drivability and general operating state. It is a normal part of the purchasing process of a vehicle. Any other vehicle can be test driven as part of buying it. Test drives can also be taken after a vehicle repair to ensure that the work has been done properly or before a repair to assist in diagnosis. Driver certification sometimes includes a supervised test drive depending on the vehicle and the particular country or local statutes.

In a broader sense, one can “test drive” anything that is usable by an individual, such as a computer program, an idea or process, a pair of shoes, etc. This usage is more slang than the vehicle test drive which is a commonly used phrase in English.

In motor sports it is common to have one or more test drivers that work with the mechanics to help develop the vehicle by testing new systems on the track, sometimes test drivers are rich people wanting
to drive a car like in formula-1 and pay teams with economical problems to let them be test drivers.

The organisation TestDriver gives you the opportunity to test several types of cars on several Tracks around Belgium.

External links

• www.TestDriver.be

In ecology, an allogenic succession describes a succession where the stimulus for change is an external one. An allogenic succession can be brought about in a number of ways which can include:

• Volcanic eruptions
• Grazing animals
• Human interference
• Flooding
• Non-anthropogenic climate change

An allogenic succession can be contrasted by an autogenic succession. This describes a change in succession where the stimulus for change is an internal one.

Fantasy name generators are programs that use a computer algorithm to create a fantasy name at random probability, usually for use in a role-playing game. They have been around since at least 1994. Early fantasy name generators often generated nonsense, creating names such as “Rsi’sskoo” or “Gbbtti”. Modern fantasy name generators are typically better at creating usable names.

Bully Pulpit Games, based in Carrboro, North Carolina, is the publisher of The Shab-al-Hiri Roach, The Roach Returns, Grey Ranks and other role-playing games. They are known for an enthusiastic fixation with Theodore Roosevelt.

See also

• Bully pulpit

External links

• Bully Pulpit Games

VNA may refer to:

• Vector network analyzer (electrical), an instrument measuring both amplitude and phase properties
• Vietnamese National Army (1949–1955), loyalist army in the First Indochina War
• Value network analysis, methodology for handling value networks
• Virginia Nurses Association, state-wide organization for nurses in Virginia

The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government is a book written by Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. It is over 1,000 pages long. The book did not make much money during Davis’s lifetime, but it provided for his widow after his death.

External links

A power-on reset (PoR) generator is a microcontroller or microprocessor peripheral that generates a reset signal when power is applied to the device. It ensures that the device starts operating in a known state.

In VLSI devices, the power-on reset (PoR) is an electronic device incorporated into the integrated circuit that detects the power applied to the chip and generates a reset impulse that goes to the entire circuit placing it into a known state.
A simple PoR is composed by a RC device that charges with the rising of the supply voltage. A schmitt trigger is used so that the rising charged voltage of the RC network generates an impulse. This impulse is generated based on the two threshold voltages of the schmitt trigger. When the input voltage at the schmitt trigger coming from the RC network reaches the first threshold voltage the output of the schmitt trigger switches so that it generates the first edge of the input. The charging of the RC network should be long enough so that the PoR can reset all the internal circuits before the charging voltage reaches the other threshold voltage of the schmitt trigger and the output to switch back.

One of the issues with using RC network to generate PoR pulse is the sensitivity of the R and C values to the power-supply ramp characteristics. When the power supply ramp is rapid, the R and C values can be calculated so that the time to reach the switching threshold of the schmitt trigger is enough to apply a long enough reset pulse. When the power supply ramp itself is slow, the RC network tends to get charged up along with the power-supply ramp up. So when the input schmitt stage is all powered up and ready, the input voltage from the RC network would already have crossed the schmitt trigger point. This means that there might not be a reset pulse supplied to the core of the VLSI…

In statistics, a bimodal distribution is a continuous probability distribution with two different modes. These appear as distinct peaks (local maxima) in the probability density function, as shown in Figure 1.

A good example is the height of a person. The heights of males form a roughly normal distribution, as do those of females. Each of these distributions is unimodal. However, if we plot a single histogram of the entire population, we see two peaks—one for males and one for females.

Bimodality is a property of many distributions. A bimodal distribution most commonly arises as a mixture of two different unimodal distributions. In other words, the bimodally distributed random variable X is defined as <math> Y </math> with probability <math> \alpha </math> or <math> Z </math> with probability <math> (1-\alpha) </math>, where Y and Z are unimodal random variables and <math>0 < \alpha < 1</math> is a mixture coefficient. In the height example, Y would be the height of a random male, Z the height of a random female, and <math>\alpha</math> the probability that a random individual is male.

Bimodal distributions are a commonly-used example of how summary statistics such as the mean, median, and standard deviation can be deceptive when used on an arbitrary distribution. For example, in the distribution in Figure 1, the mean and median would be about zero, even though zero is not a typical value. The standard deviation is also very large, even though the deviation of each normal distribution is relatively small.

More generally, a multimodal distribution is a continuous probability distribution with two or more modes, as illustrated in Figure 2. A unimodal distribution has only one mode.

The Neolithic founder crops (or primary domesticates) are the eight plant species that were domesticated by early Holocene (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region of southwest Asia, and which formed the basis of systematic agriculture in the Middle East, North Africa, India, Persia and (later) Europe. They consist of flax, three cereals and four pulses, and are the first known domesticated plants in the world. Although domesticated rye (Secale cereale) occurs in the final Epi-Palaeolithic strata at Tell Abu Hureyra (the earliest instance of a domesticated plant species), it was an insignificant in the Neolithic Period of southwest Asia and only became common with the spread of farming into northern Europe several millennia later.

Cereals

• Emmer (Triticum dicoccum, descended from the wild T. dicoccoides)
• Einkorn (Triticum monococcum, descended from the wild T. boeoticum)
• Barley (Hordeum vulgare/sativum, descended from the wild H. spontaneum)

Pulses

• Lentil (Lens culinaris)
• Pea (Pisum sativum)
• Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
• Bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia)

Other

• Flax (Linum usitatissimum)

Further reading

• Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World, third edition. Oxford: University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-850356-3

Pulse is a 1988 horror film written and directed by Paul Golding.

Plot

A malevolent, paranormal intelligence in the electrical system is moving from house to house. It terrorizes the occupants by taking control of the appliances, either killing them or causing them to wreck the house in an effort to destroy it. Then it travels along the power lines to the next house, and the terror restarts. Having thus wrecked one household in a quiet neighbourhood, the pulse finds itself in the home of a boy’s divorced father whom he is visiting. It gradually takes control of everything, badly injures the stepmother, and traps father and son, who must fight their way out.

Cast